Multiple frequency atomic force microscopy

1. A method of operating an atomic force microscope to determine properties of a sample, comprising:

exciting a probe tip of a cantilever at a first frequency, using a first frequency source driving a first actuator for the cantilever;

using a second frequency source at a second frequency to vary a potential of the cantilever relative to the sample; and

detecting cantilever response information to the sample at both values related to said first frequency and said second frequency to determine said properties of the sample, wherein said detecting comprises measuring amplitude and phase of the first and second eigenmodes of the cantilever as measured characteristics of the sample.

2. A method as in claim 1 , wherein said second frequency varies a voltage on the cantilever relative to the sample.

3. A method as in claim 2 , further comprising grounding said sample.

4. A method as in claim 1 , wherein said cantilever is driven to avoid touching the sample.

5. A method as in claim 1 , wherein said cantilever response information includes values related to harmonics of said first and/or second frequencies.

6. A method as in claim 1 , wherein said exciting comprises exciting that cantilever at or near a flexural resonance thereof.

7. A method as in claim 1 , wherein said detecting comprises measuring an amplitude of the cantilever at the first frequency as an error signal, and measuring information at said second frequency or a harmonic thereof to represent voltage dependent properties of the sample.

8. A method of determining both topographic and material dependent properties of a sample, comprising:

exciting a probe tip of a cantilever at a first frequency at a flexural resonance thereof, using a first frequency source driving a first actuator at the first frequency, to drive the cantilever at said first frequency;

using a second frequency source at a second frequency different than the first frequency, to vary a characteristic of the sample at said second frequency;

detecting cantilever response information to the sample at both values related to said first frequency and said second frequency; and

using said cantilever response information to determine both topographic information about a surface of the sample, and simultaneously to determine a material characteristic about the sample, wherein said detecting comprises measuring amplitude and phase of first and second eigenmodes of the cantilever as measured characteristics of the sample.

9. A method as in claim 8 , wherein said second frequency varies a voltage on the cantilever relative to the sample.

10. A method as in claim 9 , further comprising grounding said sample.

11. A method as in claim 8 , wherein said cantilever is driven to avoid touching the sample.

12. A method as in claim 8 , wherein said cantilever response information includes values related to harmonics of said first and/or second frequencies.

13. An atomic force microscope, comprising:

a sample holder, with a surface that holds a sample;

a cantilever, having a probe tip that is located adjacent said surface;

a first actuator, which drives the cantilever to move a location of the cantilever;

a first frequency source driving said first actuator, to drive the cantilever at said first frequency;

a potential device, located to vary a potential of the cantilever relative to the sample, said potential device including

a second frequency source varying the potential of the cantilever at a second frequency different than the first frequency; and

an AFM detector, detecting cantilever response information to the sample at both values related to said first frequency and said second frequency, said AFM detector producing output information representing both surface topography of said sample, and also voltage dependent properties of said sample, wherein said detecting comprises measuring the amplitude and phase of the first and second eigenmodes of the cantilever as measured characteristics of the sample.

14. A microscope as in claim 13 , further comprising a connection grounding said sample holder.

15. A microscope as in claim 13 , wherein said actuator drives said cantilever to avoid touching the sample.

16. A microscope as in claim 13 , wherein said cantilever response information includes values related to harmonics of said first and/or second frequencies.

17. A microscope as in claim 13 , wherein said detecting comprises measuring an amplitude of the cantilever at said first frequency as an error signal, and measuring information at said second frequency or a harmonic thereof to represent voltage dependent properties of the sample.