Preparation of nanostructured thin catalytic layer-based electrode ink
A method of making an electrode ink containing nanostructured catalyst elements is described. The method comprises providing an electrocatalyst decal comprising a carrying substrate having a nanostructured thin catalytic layer thereon, the nanostructure thin catalytic layer comprising nanostructured catalyst elements; providing a transfer substrate with an adhesive thereon; transferring the nanostructured thin catalytic layer from the carrying substrate to the transfer substrate; removing the nanostructured catalyst elements from the transfer substrate; providing an electrode ink solvent; and dispersing the nanostructured catalyst elements in the electrode ink solvent. Electrode inks, coated substrates, and membrane electrode assemblies made from the method are also described.
1. An electrode ink comprising:
an electrode ink solvent; and
nanostructured catalyst elements dispersed in the electrode ink solvent, the nanostructured catalyst elements produced by:
transferring a nanostructured thin catalytic layer that includes the nanostructured catalyst elements from a carrying substrate to a transfer substrate;
cleaning the nanostructured catalyst elements; and
dispersing the cleaned nanostructured catalyst elements from the transfer substrate to the electrode ink solvent.
2. The electrode ink of claim 1 wherein the electrode ink solvent comprises water, isopropyl alcohol, ethanol, water/isopropyl alcohol, water/ethanol, or combinations thereof.
3. The electrode ink of claim 1 wherein the nanostructured catalyst elements are cleaned by washing the nanostructured catalyst elements with a solvent using filtration, centrifuging, drying and redispersing, or combinations thereof.
4. The electrode ink of claim 1 wherein the nanostructured catalyst elements are cleaned by sonicating the nanostructured catalyst elements.
5. The electrode ink of claim 1 wherein the nanostructured catalyst elements are cleaned before the nanostructured catalyst elements are dispersed from the transfer substrate.
6. The electrode ink of claim 1 wherein the nanostructured catalyst elements are cleaned after the nanostructured catalyst elements are dispersed from the transfer substrate.
7. The electrode ink of claim 1 wherein the nanostructured catalyst elements are dispersed in the electrode ink solvent using a process selected from ultrasonicating, ball milling, media milling, mechanical milling, or combinations thereof.
8. The electrode ink of claim 1 wherein the nanostructured catalyst elements dispersed in the electrode ink solvent comprising:
the nanostructured catalyst elements predispersed in a first electrode ink solvent;
at least one additional material is predispersed selected from ionomer, carbon powder, carbon fibers, or catalyst, titanium dioxide, silica, nanofibers, or nanotubes in a second electrode ink solvent; and
the predispersed nanostructured elements and the predispersed at least one additional material are blended together to form the electrode ink.
9. The electrode ink of claim 8 wherein the nanostructured catalyst elements are predispersed in the first electrode ink solvent using ultrasonicating, ball milling, media milling, mechanical milling, or combinations thereof.
10. The electrode ink of claim 8 wherein the at least one additional material is predispersed in the second electrode ink solvent using ball milling, media milling, planetary milling, ultrasonication, stirring or a combination thereof.
11. The electrode ink of claim 1 wherein at least one additional material selected from ionomer, conductive particles, carbon powder, carbon fibers, catalyst, titanium dioxide, silica, nanofibers, or nanotubes is dispersed in the electrode ink solvent with the nanostructured catalyst elements.
12. A coated substrate comprising:
a substrate selected from an electrode decal, a proton exchange membrane, or a diffusion media; and
an electrode ink coated on the substrate, the electrode ink comprising nanostructured catalyst elements dispersed in an electrode ink solvent, the nanostructured catalyst elements produced by:
transferring a nanostructured thin catalytic layer that includes the nanostructured catalyst elements from a carrying substrate to a transfer substrate;
cleaning the nanostructured catalyst elements; and
dispersing the cleaned nanostructured catalyst elements from the transfer substrate to the electrode ink solvent.
13. The coated substrate of claim 12 wherein the electrode ink further comprises at least one of ionomer, carbon powder, carbon fibers, catalyst, titanium dioxide, silica, nanofibers, or nanotubes.
14. The coated substrate of claim 12 wherein the nanostructured catalyst elements are cleaned by washing the nanostructured catalyst elements with a solvent using filtration, centrifuging, drying and redispersing, or combinations thereof.
15. The coated substrate of claim 12 wherein the nanostructured catalyst elements are cleaned by sonicating the nanostructured catalyst elements.
16. A membrane electrode assembly comprising:
a proton exchange membrane;
a pair of gas diffusion media on opposite sides of the proton exchange membrane, the gas diffusion media having first and second sides, the first side facing the proton exchange member; and
a pair of electrode layers between the proton exchange membrane and the pair of gas diffusion media, at least one of the electrode layers formed by coating an electrode ink on the proton exchange membrane, or the first side of the pair of gas diffusion media, the electrode ink comprising nanostructured catalyst elements dispersed in an electrode ink solvent, the nanostructured catalyst elements produced by:
transferring a nanostructured thin catalytic layer that includes the nanostructured catalyst elements from a carrying substrate to a transfer substrate;
cleaning the nanostructured catalyst elements; and
dispersing the cleaned nanostructured catalyst elements from the transfer substrate to the electrode ink solvent.
17. The membrane electrode assembly of claim 16 wherein at least one additional material selected from ionomer, conductive particles, carbon powder, carbon fibers, catalyst, titanium dioxide, silica, nanofibers, or nanotubes is dispersed in the electrode ink solvent with the nanostructured catalyst elements.
18. The membrane electrode assembly of claim 16 wherein the nanostructured catalyst elements are cleaned by washing the nanostructured catalyst elements with a solvent using filtration, centrifuging, drying and redispersing, or combinations thereof.
19. The membrane electrode assembly of claim 16 wherein the nanostructured catalyst elements are cleaned by sonicating the nanostructured catalyst elements.