Processes for the preparation of di-(2-aminoethyl) formal, di-(3-aminopropyl) formal, and related molecules
Disclosed herein are hardeners for use in making cleavable epoxy compositions, including compositions wherein components in contact with epoxy composition can be recovered, as well as methods of making such hardeners.
1. A process of chemical synthesis for the preparation of di-(3-aminopropyl) formal acetal X:
said process comprising catalytic hydrogenation of a compound of formula
to produce the di-(3-aminopropyl) formal acetal X.
2. The process of chemical synthesis of claim 1 , wherein 2 molar equivalents of the compound of formula IX and 1 molar equivalent of paraformaldehyde are used.
3. The process of chemical synthesis of claim 1 , wherein the catalytic hydrogenation occurs under aqueous reaction conditions.
4. The process of chemical synthesis of claim 1 , wherein the catalytic hydrogenation uses a catalyst including, as an active component, a metal selected from the group consisting of Ru, Rh, Pd, and Pt.
5. The process of chemical synthesis of claim 1 , wherein the catalytic hydrogenation uses a catalyst including, as an active component, a metal selected from the group consisting of Cu, Cr, Co, Ni, and Fe.
6. The process of chemical synthesis of claim 1 , wherein the catalytic hydrogenation uses a catalyst including, as an active component, a bimetallic catalyst comprising one or more transition metals and/or noble metals.
7. The process of chemical synthesis of claim 1 , wherein the catalytic hydrogenation is conducted in liquid phase.
8. The process of chemical synthesis of claim 1 , wherein the catalytic hydrogenation is conducted at temperatures between 20° C. and 200° C.
9. The process of chemical synthesis of claim 1 , wherein the catalytic hydrogenation is conducted at hydrogen pressure between 1 and 1000 atmospheres.
10. The process of chemical synthesis of claim 1 , wherein the catalytic hydrogenation is conducted at a temperate between 60° C. and 150° C.
11. The process of chemical synthesis of claim 1 , wherein the catalytic hydrogenation is conducted under hydrogen pressure between 10 atmospheres and 110 atmospheres.
12. The process of chemical synthesis of claim 1 , wherein the catalytic hydrogenation is conducted in the presence of ammonia.
13. The process of chemical synthesis of claim 12 , wherein the ammonia is present in an amount between 1 mole to 20 moles per mole of the compound of Formula IX used.
14. The process of chemical synthesis of claim 1 , wherein the catalytic hydrogenation is conducted in the presence of anhydrous ammonia.
15. The process of chemical synthesis of claim 1 , wherein the catalytic hydrogenation is conducted in the presence of aqueous ammonia.
16. The process of chemical synthesis of claim 1 , wherein the catalytic hydrogenation is conducted in the presence of a solvent selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, and dioxane.
17. The process of chemical synthesis of claim 1 , further comprising removing hydrogenation catalyst.
18. The process of chemical synthesis of claim 17 , wherein the hydrogenation catalyst is removed via filtration.
19. The process of chemical synthesis of claim 1 , further comprising purifying di-(3-aminopropyl) formal acetal of formula X.
20. The process of chemical synthesis of claim 19 , wherein di-(3-aminopropyl) formal acetal X is purified via distillation.
21. The process of chemical synthesis of claim 20 , wherein the distillation is conducted under reduced pressure.
22. The process of chemical synthesis of claim 1 , wherein the catalytic hydrogenation uses a catalyst selected from the group consisting of Raney catalysts and chromite catalysts.