HIGH OPTICAL TRANSPARENT TWO-DIMENSIONAL ELECTRONIC CONDUCTING SYSTEM AND PROCESS FOR GENERATING SAME
Hybrid transparent conducting materials are disclosed with combine a polycrystalline film and conductive nanostructures, in which the polycrystalline film is “percolation doped” with the conductive nanostructures. The polycrystalline film preferably is a single atomic layer thickness of polycrystalline graphene, and conductive nanostructures preferably are silver nanowires.
1 . A hybrid transparent conducting material (TCM) comprising:
a granular polycrystalline film and
a layer, on the granular polycrystalline film, comprising a plurality of randomly dispersed conductive nanostructures.
2 . The hybrid TCM of claim 1 , wherein the granular polycrystalline film is an atomic monolayer.
3 . The hybrid TCM of claim 1 , wherein the granular polycrystalline film is a polycrystalline graphene film.
4 . The hybrid TCM of claim 1 , wherein the conductive nanostructures are metallic nanowires.
5 . The hybrid TCM of claim 4 , wherein the metallic nanowires are silver nanowires.
6 . The hybrid TCM of claim 1 , wherein each of the conductive nanostructures has a length greater than 1 μm and a cross-sectional dimension of less than 1 μm.
7 . The hybrid TCM of claim 1 , wherein density of the plurality of conductive nanostructures randomly dispersed in the granular polycrystalline film is below a percolation threshold.
8 . The hybrid TCM of claim 1 , wherein density of the plurality of conductive nanostructures randomly dispersed on the polycrystalline film is at most sixty percent of the percolation threshold.
9 . The hybrid TCM of claim 1 , wherein average length of the conductive nanostructures is greater than average grain diameter in the granular polycrystalline film.
10 . The hybrid TCM of claim 1 , wherein average distance between the conductive nanostructures is greater than average length of the conductive nanostructures.
11 . The hybrid TCM of claim 1 , wherein the granular polycrystalline film and the nanowire layer separately each have a sheet resistance of 20 ohms per square or greater.
12 . The hybrid TCM of claim 11 , wherein the hybrid TCM has a sheet resistance below twenty ohms per square.
13 . The hybrid TCM of claim 12 , having a transmittance above ninety percent for solar radiation.
14 . The hybrid TCM of claim 1 , wherein the number of conductive nanostructures is less than one half the number of grains in the granular polycrystalline film.
15 . The hybrid TCM of claim 1 , wherein the number of conductive nanostructures is less than one fourth the number of grains in the granular polycrystalline film.
16 . A photovoltaic cell comprising a transparent electrode comprising polycrystalline graphene that is percolation doped with metallic nanowires, wherein the metallic nanowires do not form a percolation network for charge carriers across the transparent electrode.
17 . The photovoltaic cell of claim 16 , wherein the transparent electrode comprises a plurality of stacked layers, each of the plurality of stacked layers comprising polycrystalline graphene that is percolation doped with metallic nanowires.
18 . The photovoltaic cell of claim 16 , wherein the transparent electrode has a sheet resistance below twenty ohms per square and a transmittance above ninety percent for solar radiation.
19 . A liquid crystal display comprising a transparent electrode comprising polycrystalline graphene that is percolation doped with metallic nanowires.