Engineered glass seals for solid-oxide fuel cells
A seal for a solid oxide fuel cell includes a glass matrix having glass percolation therethrough and having a glass transition temperature below 650° C. A deformable second phase material is dispersed in the glass matrix. The second phase material can be a compliant material. The second phase material can be a crushable material. A solid oxide fuel cell, a precursor for forming a seal for a solid oxide fuel cell, and a method of making a seal for a solid oxide fuel cell are also disclosed.
1. A seal for a solid oxide fuel cell, comprising:
a barium alkali silicate glass matrix having glass percolation there through and having a glass transition temperature below 650° C.; and
a frangible calcia-stabilized zirconia second phase material dispersed in the glass matrix; and
wherein the seal when applied to the solid oxide fuel cell is impermeable to hydrogen and water vapor, defined as a fuel leakage rate of less than or equal to 1% of the fuel flow rate.
2. The seal of claim 1 , wherein the second phase material is a compliant material.
3. The seal of claim 1 , wherein the second phase material is a crushable material.
4. The seal of claim 1 , wherein the second phase material has at least 10% deformation.
5. The seal of claim 1 , wherein the second phase material has from 10% to 50% deformation.
6. The seal of claim 1 , wherein the second phase material has a coefficient of thermal expansion within 20% of the coefficient of thermal expansion of the glass matrix.
7. The seal of claim 1 , wherein the second phase material comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of rods, fibers, spheres and particles.
8. The seal of claim 7 , where the second phase material has a maximum dimension of 10 micrometers to 1 mm.
9. The seal of claim 1 , wherein the second phase material is at least one selected from the group consisting of zirconium oxide hollow spheres, zirconium oxide solid spheres, silicate hollow spheres, silicate solid spheres, zirconium oxide fibers, and zirconium oxide fiber mats.
10. The seal of claim 1 , wherein there is an absence of percolating crystalline glass precipitates through the glass matrix.
11. The seal of claim 1 , wherein the glass matrix has a viscosity of between 10 5 and 10 9 Pa·s at 850° C.
12. The seal of claim 1 , wherein the glass matrix has an electrical resistivity of greater than 10 4 Ohm cm.
13. The seal of claim 1 , wherein the glass matrix comprises from 1% to 15 wt % Ba.
14. The seal of claim 1 , wherein the glass matrix has a coefficient of thermal expansion within 20% of the coefficient of thermal expansion of the electrolyte.
15. The seal of claim 1 , wherein the glass matrix has a coefficient of thermal expansion within 20% of the coefficient of thermal expansion of 8 mol % yttria stabilized zirconium oxide.
16. The seal of claim 1 , wherein the glass matrix wets at least one selected from the group consisting of 8YSZ and aluminum oxide with a contact angle less than 90°.
17. The seal of claim 1 , wherein said seal comprises higher operating temperature portions and lower operating temperature portions, the higher temperature portions having a greater concentration of the second phase material than the lower temperature portions.
18. A fuel cell, comprising:
an anode;
a cathode;
an electrolyte; and
a glass seal, comprising
a barium alkali silicate glass matrix having glass percolation there through and having a glass transition temperature below 650° C.; and
a frangible calcia-stabilized zirconia second phase material dispersed in the glass matrix; and
wherein the seal when applied to the solid oxide fuel cell is impermeable to hydrogen and water vapor, defined as a fuel leakage rate of less than or equal to 1% of the fuel flow rate.
19. The seal of claim 18 , wherein the glass matrix has a coefficient of thermal expansion within 20% of the coefficient of thermal expansion of the electrolyte.