Electrochromic device having three-dimensional electrode

1. An electrochromic device, comprising:

(i) a conductive layer,

(ii) an electrochromic material, on the conductive layer

(iii) an electrolyte, on the electrochromic material, and

(iv) a counter-electrode, on the electrolyte,

wherein the conductive layer has a surface roughness factor (SRF) of at least 10,

the conductive layer comprises a semi-metal, and

the electrochromic device has a response time of at most 500 ms.

2. The electrochromic device of claim 1 , wherein the electrochromic material is an organic electrochromic material.

3. The electrochromic device of claim 1 , wherein the conductive layer has a SRF of at least 100.

4. The electrochromic device of claim 1 , wherein the conductive layer is transparent.

5. The electrochromic device of claim 1 , wherein the conductive layer comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of fluorinated tin oxide, aluminum-zinc oxide, antimony-tin oxide and indium-tin oxide.

6. The electrochromic device of claim 1 , wherein the electrochromic material is a viologen.

7. The electrochromic device of claim 1 , further comprising a substrate, and the conductive layer is on the substrate.

8. The electrochromic device of claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte comprises one member selected from the group consisting of liquid electrolytes and polymer electrolytes.

9. The electrochromic device of claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte comprises one member selected from the group consisting of liquid electrolytes and ionic liquid electrolytes.

10. The electrochromic device of claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte comprises a non-aqueous solvent.

11. The electrochromic device of claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte comprises a salt.

12. The electrochromic device of claim 1 , further comprising a transparent substrate, and the conductive layer is on the substrate,

wherein the electrochromic material is an organic electrochromic material,

the conductive layer has a SRF of at least 400, and

the conductive layer comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of fluorinated tin oxide, aluminum-zinc oxide, antimony-tin oxide and indium-tin oxide.

13. The electrochromic device of claim 1 , having a coloring voltage of at most 1V.

14. An electrochromic display, comprising a plurality of the electrochromic devices of claim 1 .

15. The electrochromic display of claim 14 , wherein the plurality of electrochromic devices comprises electrochromic materials having at least 3 different colors.

16. An electrochromic device, comprising:

(i) a conductive layer,

(ii) an electrochromic material, on the conductive layer

(iii) an electrolyte, on the electrochromic material, and

(iv) a counter-electrode, on the electrolyte,

wherein the conductive layer has a surface roughness factor (SRF) of at least 10,

the electrochromic material is not Ni oxide or hydroxide, and

the electrochromic device has a response time of at most 500 ms.

17. The electrochromic device of claim 16 , wherein the conductive layer is transparent.

18. The electrochromic device of claim 16 , wherein the electrochromic material is a viologen.

19. A process of preparing an electrochromic device, comprising:

forming a conductive layer, having a SRF of at least 10,

applying an electrochromic material onto the conductive layer, and

preparing the electrochromic device using the conductive layer and the electrochromic material,

wherein the electrochromic device comprises:

(i) a conductive layer,

(ii) an electrochromic material, on the conductive layer

(iii) an electrolyte, on the electrochromic material, and

(iv) a counter-electrode, on the electrolyte,

the conductive layer comprises a semi-metal, and

the electrochromic device has a response time of at most 500 ms.