Electroporation-induced electrosensitization

1. A method of enhancing membrane permeabilization in at least one cell, comprising:

(a) disposing the at least one cell between a first electrode and a second electrode; and

(b) applying an electric pulse (EP) treatment using the first electrode and the second electrode,

wherein the EP treatment comprises a plurality of electrical pulses between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the plurality of electrical pulses consists of a first train of pulses and a second train of pulses separated by an interval, wherein the interval is at least 10 s, and wherein an amplitude of the plurality of electrical pulses is greater than about 0.2 kV/cm,

wherein the plurality of electrical pulses comprises at least 100 pulses, wherein a duration of time for the plurality of electrical pulses EP treatment is greater than about 10 s and less than or equal to 1000 s, and

wherein a range of the duration of the plurality of electrical pulses is substantially the same for each of the first train of pulses and the second train of pulses.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the amplitude is between about 0.2 kV/cm and 15 kV/cm.

3. The method claim 1 , wherein the plurality of electrical pulses comprises less than about 1500 pulses.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the number of electrical pulses in the first train and the second train are substantially the same.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first train and the second train are different.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein a number of electrical pulses in the first train comprises 25% to 75% of the plurality of electrical pulses.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one cell is one of a cancerous cell, a mammalian cell, a bacterial cell, or a plant cell.

8. The method of claim 1 , further comprising introducing a therapeutic agent into the at least one cell, wherein the therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of: nucleic acid, peptide, polypeptide, and drug.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein enhancing membrane permeabilization in the at least one cell results in rupturing of the membrane and in death of the at least one cell.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein disposing the at least one cell between the first electrode and the second electrode comprises disposing a volume of liquid including the at least one cell between the first electrode and the second electrode.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein a range of the amplitude of the plurality of electrical pulses is substantially the same for each of the first train of pulses and the second train of pulses.

12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the interval is between about 150 s and 300 s and the duration of time for the EP treatment is greater than about 150 s and less than or equal to 1000 s.

13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of pulses comprises individual pulses with duration of about 300 ns to 9 μs.

14. A method of introducing a therapeutic agent into at least one cell, comprising:

disposing the at least one cell between a first electrode and a second electrode;

applying an electric pulse (EP) treatment using the first electrode and the second electrode; and

prior to or subsequent to the EP treatment, supplying the therapeutic agent to the at least one cell;

wherein the EP treatment comprises a plurality of electrical pulses between the first electrode and the second electrode,

wherein the plurality of electrical pulses consists of a first train of pulses and a second train of pulses separated by an interval, wherein the interval is at least 10 s, wherein an amplitude of the plurality of electrical pulses is greater than about 0.2 kV/cm, wherein the plurality of electrical pulses comprises at least 100 pulses,

wherein a duration of time for the plurality of electrical pulses EP treatment is between greater than about 10 s and less than or equal to 1000 s, and

wherein a range of the duration of the plurality of electrical pulses is substantially the same for each of the first train of pulses and the second train of pulses.

15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the amplitude is between about 0.2 kV/cm and 15 kV/cm.

16. The method of claim 14 , wherein the plurality of electrical pulses comprises less than about 1500 pulses.

17. The method of claim 14 , wherein the first train and the second train are substantially the same.

18. The method of claim 14 , wherein the first train and the second train are different.

19. The method of claim 14 , wherein a number of electrical pulses in the first train is different than a number of electrical pulses in the second train such that the first train comprises 25% to 75% of the plurality of electrical pulses.

20. The method of claim 14 , wherein the at least one cell is a mammalian cell.

21. The method of claim 14 , wherein the therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of: nucleic acid, peptide, polypeptide, and drug.