Graphene electrodes for electronic devices
A laminated graphene device is demonstrated as a cathode. In one example the devices include organic photovoltaic devices. The measured properties demonstrate work-function matching via contact doping. Devices and method shown also provide increased power conversion efficiency due to transparency. These findings indicate that flexible, light-weight all carbon devices, such as solar cells, can be constructed using graphene as the cathode material.
1. An electronic device, comprising:
an anode;
a semiconductor material of an electronic element deposited over the anode;
a cathode structure located on top of the electronic element and deposited over the semiconductor material, the cathode structure including:
a single layer of planar graphene;
an electron acceptor material in contact with the single layer of graphene, wherein the electron acceptor material includes 1,3,5-tri (phenyl-2-benzimidazole)-benzene (TPBi), and wherein the electron acceptor material modifies a work function of the layer of graphene from approximately 4.6 eV to approximately 4.3 eV.
2. The electronic device of claim 1 , wherein the electronic device is configured as a tandem photocell.
3. The electronic device of claim 2 , further including a shared graphene layer separating a top photovoltaic device and a bottom photovoltaic device in the tandem photocell.
4. The electronic device of claim 1 , further including a second layer of planar graphene over the single layer of planar graphene to form a bi-layer structure.
5. The electronic device of claim 1 , wherein the electronic element includes a liquid crystal element.
6. The electronic device of claim 1 , wherein the electronic element is an optically active element.
7. The electronic device of claim 6 , wherein the optically active element includes an organic light emitting element.
8. The electronic device of claim 1 , wherein the optically active element includes an organic photovoltaic region.
9. The electronic device of claim 8 , wherein the organic photovoltaic region includes a heterojunction photovoltaic region.
10. The electronic device of claim 9 , wherein the electron acceptor material is located between the heterojunction photovoltaic region and the single layer of planar graphene.
11. The electronic device of claim 9 , wherein the heterojunction photovoltaic region includes a copper pthalocyanine (CuPC) to C 60 interface.
12. The electronic device of claim 1 , wherein the anode includes a single layer of planar graphene.
13. The electronic device of claim 1 , wherein the anode includes a bi-layer graphene structure.
14. The electronic device of claim 1 , wherein the anode includes indium tin oxide.
15. The electronic device of claim 1 , wherein the electronic device is configured as a photodiode.
16. The electronic device of claim 1 , wherein the electronic device is configured as a photomultiplier.
17. The electronic device of claim 1 , wherein the electronic device is configured as a touch screen user interface.
18. A method of making an electronic device, comprising:
forming an electronic element, comprising a semiconductor material, over an anode;
forming a cathode structure over the electronic element, including:
selecting a target cathode work function; and
coupling a single layer of planar graphene to an electron acceptor material to contact dope the single layer of graphene to modify the work function of the single layer of graphene towards the target cathode work function;
wherein the electron acceptor material includes 1,3,5-tri(phenyl-2-benzimidazole)-benzene (TPBi), and wherein the electron acceptor material modifies a work function of the layer of graphene from approximately 4.6 eV to approximately 4.3 eV.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein coupling the single layer of planar graphene to the electron acceptor material includes physically transferring the single layer of planar graphene onto the stack of the electronic element and anode.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein physically transferring the single layer of planar graphene includes transferring a lamination of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and graphene onto the 1,3,5-tri(phenyl-2-benzimidazole)-benzene (TPBi).
21. The method of claim 18 , further including coupling a second layer of planar graphene to the single layer of planar graphene.