Bad phosphorylation determines ovarian cancer chemo-sensitivity and patient survival
Despite initial sensitivity BAD-protein phosphorylation were evaluated in patient samples and cell lines as determinants of chemo-sensitivity and/or clinical outcome, and as therapeutic targets. Induced in-vitro OVCA cisplatin-resistance was associated with BAD-pathway expression. Expression of the pathway was also associated with resistance of 7 different cancers cell-types to 8 chemotherapeutic agents. Phosphorylation of the BAD-protein was associated with platinum-resistance in OVCA cells and primary OVCA specimens, and also overall patient survival. Targeted modulation of BAD-phosphorylation levels influenced cisplatin-sensitivity. A 47-gene BAD-pathway signature was associated in-vitro phospho-BAD levels and with survival of 838 patients with ovarian, breast, colon, and brain cancer. The survival advantage associated with both BAD-phosphorylation and also the BAD-pathway signature was independent of surgical cytoreductive status. The BAD apoptosis pathway influences human cancer chemo-sensitivity and overall survival. The pathway is useful as a biomarker of therapeutic response, patient survival, and therapeutic target.
1. A method of treating cancer in a patient in need thereof with platinum-based cancer treatment, taxane cancer treatment, gemcitabine, or oxazophorine treatment, comprising;
determining clinical outcome or predicting clinical outcome of platinum-based cancer treatment, taxane cancer treatment, gemcitabine, or oxazophorine treatment comprising the steps of:
obtaining a sample of a suspected or known cancer from the patient;
measuring phosphorylation level of at least one two of a plurality of BAD pathway proteins in the sample by a method selected from the group consisting of immunofluorescence, Western blot, chip assay and immunochemistry;
wherein the BAD pathway proteins are selected from the group consisting of BAD, Bax, BcL-XL, PP2C/PPM1A, AKT, EGFR, IRS-1, Shc, H-Ras, CDK1, G-protein alpha-s, G-protein beta/gamma, PI3K cat class 1A, c-Raf-1, p90Rsk, MEK2 (MAP2K2), PKA-cat, PKA-reg, and a combination thereof;
generating a BCL2 antagonist of cell death pathway signature score for the sample of the patient using average expression of the phosphorylation levels among the plurality of BAD pathway proteins using formula Σw i x i , where x i , represents gene i expression level and w i , is the corresponding loading coefficient with Σw 2 i=1;
calculating a median BCL2 antagonist of cell death pathway signature score using a highest value and a lowest value of the phosphorylation levels of the plurality of BAD pathway proteins measured in the sample;
determining the patient has a BCL2 antagonist of cell death pathway signature score above the median BCL2 antagonist of cell death pathway signature score by comparing the patient's BCL2 antagonist of cell death pathway signature score to the median BCL2 antagonist of cell death pathway signature score wherein low phosphorylation level is correlated to a higher BCL2 antagonist of cell death pathway signature score;
wherein a BCL2 antagonist of cell death pathway signature score above the median BCL2 antagonist of cell death pathway score indicates positive clinical outcome to the treatment; and
administering the platinum-based cancer treatment, taxane cancer treatment, gemcitabine, or oxazophorine treatment to the patient having the BCL2 antagonist of cell death pathway signature score above the median value.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the phosphorylation level is determined using immunofluorescence.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the phosphorylation level of BAD protein is measured as one of the at least two of the plurality of BAD proteins.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the phosphorylation level of BAD is detected on at least one amino acid selected from the group consisting of serine-112, serine-136, serine-155, or combinations thereof.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the phosphorylation of BAD is compared to median phosphorylation level of BAD as a cut-off for high/low categorization wherein the median phosphorylation level of BAD is about 2.61 for serine-112, about 2.03 for serine-115 or about 0.1 for serine-136.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein levels of the serine-112 or serine-155 phosphorylation that are lower than the median phosphorylation value are indicative of superior survival.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the BCL2 antagonist of cell death pathway signature is a combination of BAD, Bar, BcL2L, BAX, PP2C/PPM1A, AKT, EGFR, IRS-1, Shc, H-Ras, CDK1, G-protein alpha-s, G-protein beta/gamma, PI3K cat class 1A, c-Raf-1, p90Rsk, MEK2 (MAP2K2), PKA-cat, and PKA-reg.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the platinum-based cancer treatment, taxane cancer treatment, gemcitabine, or oxazophorine treatment is cisplatin, carboplatin, paclitaxel, gemcitabine, or cyclophosphamide.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cancer is ovarian cancer, colon cancers, malignant glioma, breast cancer, leukemia, melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, central nervous system cancer, renal cancer, or prostate cancer.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein high levels of BAD phosphorylation as compared to the median phosphorylation value indicate a poor prognosis for surgical cytoreduction survival.
11. A method of treating cancer in a patient in need thereof with platinum-based cancer treatment, taxane cancer treatment, gemcitabine, or oxazophorine treatment, comprising:
determining clinical outcome or predicting clinical outcome of platinum-based cancer treatment, taxane cancer treatment, gemcitabine, or oxazophorine treatment comprising the steps of:
obtaining a sample of a suspected or known cancer from the patient;
measuring phosphorylation level of at least two BCL2 antagonist of cell death pathway proteins selected from the group consisting of MAP2K2, RAF1, HRAS, SHC1, EGFR, IRS1, PIK3CA, PIK3CB, PIK3CD, RPS6KA1, RPS6KA2, RPS6KA3, BAD, BCL2L1, BAX, AKT1, AKT2, AKT3, GNB1, GNB2, GNB3, GNB5, GNG10, LOC552891 GNG11, GNG12, GNG13, GNG3, GNG4, GNG5, GNG7, GNGT1, PPM1A, PPM1B, PPM1D, PPM1F, PPM1G, PPM2C, PTPN11, GNAS, PRKAR1A, PRKAR1B, PRKAR2A, PRKAR2B, CDC2, PRKACA, LOC730418, PRKACA, PRKACB, PRKACG, BAD phosphorylated serine 112, BAD phosphorylated serine 155, BAD phosphorylated serine 136, and a combination thereof;
generating a BCL2 antagonist of cell death pathway signature score for the patient using average expression of the phosphorylation levels among the plurality of BAD pathway proteins using formula Σw i x i , where x i , represents gene i expression level and w i , is the
corresponding weight (loading coefficient) with Σw 2 i=1;
determining a median BCL2 antagonist of cell death pathway signature score using a highest value and a lowest value of the phosphorylation levels of the at least two BAD pathway proteins measured in the sample;
determining the patient has a BCL2 antagonist of cell death pathway signature score above the median BCL2 antagonist of cell death pathway signature score by comparing the patient's BCL2 antagonist of cell death pathway signature score to the median BCL2 antagonist of cell death pathway signature score wherein a BCL2 antagonist of cell death pathway signature score above the median value in all analyses indicates positive clinical outcome to the treatment; and
administering the platinum-based cancer treatment, taxane cancer treatment, gemcitabine, or oxazophorine treatment to the patient having the BCL2 antagonist of cell death pathway signature score above the median value.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the phosphorylation level of a BCL2 antagonist of cell death pathway protein is detected using immunofluorescence.
13. The method of claim 11 , wherein the platinum-based cancer treatment, taxane cancer treatment, gemcitabine, or oxazophorine treatment is cisplatin, carboplatin, paclitaxel, gemcitabine, or cyclophosphamide.
14. The method of claim 11 , wherein the cancer is ovarian cancer, colon cancers, malignant glioma, breast cancer, leukemia, melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, central nervous system cancer, renal cancer, or prostate cancer.
15. The method of claim 11 , wherein BCL2 antagonist of cell death pathway signature score is evaluated using a log-rank test.