Passive sampling device and method of sampling and analysis

1. A passive kinetic sampler for quantitative passive soil vapor concentration measurement comprising: a container filled with a sorbent medium and having an opening; a thin film, hydrophobic membrane, covering the container opening; a cap having an opening; a cap having an opening, the cap disposed over the membrane, thereby creating a container seal while exposing the membrane through the cap opening; and the membrane having a uniform thickness; wherein the membrane constrains the uptake rate to match values that minimize or eliminate a starvation effect as calculated via mathematical models; wherein the mathematical models derive the relationship between the delivery rate of vapors to a void space in which a passive sampler is deployed and the soil moisture and porosity; and wherein the uptake rate as constrained by the membrane of the sampler is less than or about the delivery rate of vapors from surrounding soil, so the concentration of vapors in the void space within which the sampler is exposed is similar to the concentration in the surrounding soil gas throughout the majority of the sampling interval.

2. The sampler of claim 1 wherein the membrane comprises polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS).

3. The sampler of claim 1 wherein the container has a volume of approximately 0.8 to 2.0 mL.

4. The sampler of claim 1 wherein the sampler container is smaller than 1.8 mL.

5. The sampler of claim 1 wherein the sampler container is smaller than about 5.0 mL.

6. The sampler of claim 1 wherein the sorbent medium is suitable to retain and recover the target analytes consisting of a method selected from solvent extraction and thermal desorption.

7. The sampler of claim 1 wherein the uptake rate is within the range of about 0.1 to 1 milliliter per minute (mL/min).

8. The sampler of claim 1 wherein the uptake rate is within the range of about 0.01 to about 10 milliliter per minute (mL/min).

9. The sampler of claim 1 wherein the membrane thickness and area optimize the uptake rate for a specific chemical(s).

10. The sampler of claim 1 wherein the thickness of the membrane is in the range of about 25 μm to about 150 μm.

11. A method to quantitatively measure concentrations of volatile organic compound (VOC) vapors below the ground surface using a passive sampler according to claim 1 that sorbs or traps VOC vapors at known uptake rates (UR), which allows the concentration (C) to be calculated from the mass (M) of each compound sorbed and the exposure time (t) of the sample using the following equation:

C

=

M

UR

×

t

.

12. The method of claim 11 comprising use of a mathematical model to derive the relationship between the delivery rate of vapors to a void space in which the passive sampler device is deployed and the soil moisture and porosity.

13. The method of claim 11 wherein during exposure time, vapors dissolve into the membrane in the sampler and permeate across it at rates that are proportional to the linear temperature programmed retention indices of the compounds of interest.

14. The method of claim 11 using either thermal desorption or solvent extraction as a method of sample preparation and selecting sorbents depending on the sample preparation method used.

15. The method of claim 11 wherein the membrane thickness is selected to optimize the uptake rate for a specific chemical.

16. The method of claim 11 wherein the container opening size is selected to optimize the uptake rate for a specific chemical.

17. The method of claim 11 wherein the container opening and the membrane thickness are selected in combination to optimize the uptake rate for the specific chemical.

18. The method of claim 11 wherein sampling occurs primarily by diffusion and permeation, as compared to forced advection.

19. A method of sampling to form a seal just above a passive sampler, including: providing a plastic sleeve; compressing a foam plug; placing the compressed foam plug inside one end of a substantially rigid pipe; placing a dowel inside the pipe; placing the pipe inside the plastic sleeve; drilling a borehole and removing soil; providing a sampler according to claim 1 ; lowering the sampler to a target depth; lowering the plastic sleeve, pipe and dowel to a depth slightly above the passive sampler; and lifting the pipe while holding the dowel substantially stationary until the dowel extends below the bottom of the pipe, thereby forcing the foam out of the pipe and allowing it to expand, pressing the sleeve against borehole wall and forming a seal just above the passive sampler.

20. A passive kinetic sampler for quantitative passive soil vapor concentration measurement comprising:

a container filled with a sorbent medium and having an opening;

a selective thin film hydrophobic membrane covering the container opening;

a cap having an opening, the cap disposed over the membrane, thereby creating a container seal while exposing the membrane through the cap opening; and

the membrane having a uniform thickness;

wherein the membrane constrains the uptake rate to within the range of about 0.1 to 1 milliliter per minute (mL/min);

wherein the uptake rate as constrained by the membrane of the sampler is less than or about the delivery rate of vapors from surrounding soil, so the concentration of vapors in the void space within which the sampler is exposed is similar to the concentration in the surrounding soil gas throughout the majority of the sampling interval, thereby minimizing the starvation effect.