Methods for removal of microcystins and isolation of phycocyanin from cyanobacteria
This disclosure relates to methods of removing contaminating microcystins toxins from preparations of blue-green algae. It also relates to methods of purifying phycocyanin from blue-green algae extracts.
1. A method of removing microcystins from a contaminated aqueous extract of blue-green algae comprising:
suspending dried, fresh or frozen blue-green algae comprising microcystins in a medium consisting of water to produce a cell suspension;
disrupting the integrity of the blue-green algae in the cell suspension, thereby releasing cytoplasmic contents of the blue green algae into the medium, to produce the contaminated aqueous extract of blue-green algae comprising microcystins;
separating a solid phase and a first soluble phase from the contaminated aqueous extract of blue green algae, wherein the first soluble phase comprises both phycocyanin and the microcystins;
contacting the first soluble phase with a non-ionic polyaromatic macroreticular adsorbent resin having a surface area of 450 to 900 meters (m) 2 /gram (g),
collecting an eluate from the resin to produce a resultant aqueous extract comprising less than 5 parts per billion (ppb) microcystins; and
optionally dehydrating the resultant aqueous extract, thereby removing the microcystins.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the non-ionic polyaromatic adsorbent resin is packed into a single column and wherein contacting the contaminated aqueous extract of blue-green algae with the column consists of a single pass through the column.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the column has an adsorption capacity for microcystins of 100-200 bed volumes.
4. The method of claim 2 , wherein the column has a diameter to height ratio of one to five.
5. The method of claim 2 , wherein the contaminated aqueous extract of blue-green algae is introduced into the column at an effluent flow rate of 0.1 to 2.0 liters per minute.
6. The method of claim 1 , further comprising filtering the contaminated aqueous extract of blue-green algae prior to contacting the contaminated aqueous extract with the non-ionic polyaromatic macroreticular adsorbent resin.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the filter pore size is five micrometers.
8. The method of claim 1 , further comprising detecting the concentration of microcystins in the resultant aqueous extract.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the blue-green algae is Aphanizomenon flos aquae.
10. The method of any one of claims 1 - 9 , further comprising forming a powder from the collected extract.
11. A method of purifying a blue-green algae aqueous extract comprising:
freezing a blue-green algae composition suspected of microcystins contamination to produce a frozen preparation;
thawing the frozen preparation, thereby lysing the algae cells to produce a lysed preparation;
suspending the lysed preparation in a medium consisting of water to produce a disrupted cell suspension;
separating a solid phase and a first soluble phase of the disrupted cell suspension;
contacting the first soluble phase of the disrupted cell suspension with a non-ionic polyaromatic macroreticular adsorbent resin having a surface area of 450 to 900 meters (m) 2 /gram (g);
collecting a second soluble phase from the resin to produce a resultant blue-green algae aqueous extract comprising less than 5 parts per billion (ppb) microcystins.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the blue-green algae composition is freshly harvested or resuspended dried algae.
13. The method of claim 11 , wherein separating a solid phase and a first soluble phase of the disrupted cell suspension comprises filtering or centrifuging the lysed preparation and collecting a liquid phase.
14. The method of claim 11 , wherein the blue-green algae is Aphanizomenon flos aquae.
15. The method of claim 11 , wherein the resin comprises a pore volume of 0.6 to 1.8 milliliters per gram.
16. The method of claim 11 , wherein the resultant blue green algae aqueous extract comprises less than 1 part per billion (ppb) microcystins.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the resin comprises a pore volume of 0.6 to 1.8 milliliters per gram.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the resultant aqueous extract comprises less than 1 part per billion (ppb) microcystins.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein disrupting the integrity of the blue green algae comprises homogenizing, sonicating, or freezing and thawing blue green algae cells.
20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the blue green algae is Spirulina.
21. The method of claim 11 , wherein the blue green algae is Spirulina.