Superhydrophobic anodized metals and method of making same
Methods for producing a superhydrophobic anodized surface including anodizing a surface of a substrate in an anodization acid to form a plurality of pores, etching the surface with an etchant to widen an edge of each of the plurality of pores; repeatedly anodizing the surface in the anodization acid and etching the surface with the etchant until the edges of the plurality of pores overlap to form a plurality of nano-sharp ridges, and coating the surface with a hydrophobic polymer to render the surface superhydrophobic, such that the surface exhibits a contact angle of at least 150 degrees with a drop of water. Articles including a surface having a series of nano-sharp pore ridges defined by a series of pores and a sub-μm thick layer of a hydrophobic polymer on said surface.
1. An article comprising:
a surface comprising a plurality of grooves, the grooves having a depth of 10 μm to 1000 μm;
a series of nano-sharp pore ridges having a width of ≤5 nm, the ridges defined by a series of overlapping pores comprising hexagonal pore openings, the nano-sharp pore ridges and pores arranged coextensively with the plurality of grooves along the surface,
wherein the pores have a flared geometry over their entire length the flared geometry comprises a decreasing diameter along an axis perpendicular to the surface,
wherein the pores are spaced at an average center-to-center distance of 1 nm to 980 nm from each other and the pores have an opening ≤1000 nm, and
wherein the pores and nano-sharp pore ridges are formed by a process including alternatingly-repeated steps of anodization and etching of said surface; and
a sub-μm thick layer of a hydrophobic polymer on said surface.
2. The article according to claim 1 , wherein the surface comprises one selected from the group consisting of aluminum, titanium, zinc, magnesium, niobium, zirconium, hafnium, tantalum, and combinations thereof.
3. The article according to claim 1 , wherein the plurality of nano-sharp ridges each have a length and a height of from 1 to 500 nm.
4. The article according to claim 1 , wherein the hydrophobic polymer is a fluorinated polymer.
5. The article according to claim 1 , wherein the hydrophobic polymer is selected from the group consisting of a polytetrafluoroethylene, an eethylenic-cyclo oxyaliphatic substituted ethylenic copolymer, a perfluoroalkoxy, and combinations thereof.
6. The article according to claim 1 , wherein the plurality of pores each have a first diameter of from 5 to 750 nm at an outermost point of the surface and a second diameter of from 1 to 500 nm at a depth of from 50 to 1000 nm beneath the outermost point surface.
7. A product comprising the article according to claim 1 , wherein the product is selected from the group consisting of a marine vehicle, a mirror, a torpedo, a water pipe, a component of a tidal energy system, and combinations thereof.
8. The article of claim 1 , wherein the average center-to-center distance is 1-100 nm.
9. The article of claim 1 , wherein the average center-to-center distance is 130-980 nm.