Pre-treating water with non-thermal plasma
The present invention consists of a method of pre-treatment of adulterated water for distillation, including adulterated water produced during hydraulic fracturing (“fracking”) of shale rock during natural gas drilling. In particular, the invention is directed to a method of treating adulterated water, said adulterated water having an initial level of bicarbonate ion in a range of about 250 ppm to about 5000 ppm and an initial level of calcium ion in a range of about 500 ppm to about 50,000 ppm, said method comprising contacting the adulterated water with a non-thermal arc discharge plasma to produce plasma treated water having a level of bicarbonate ion of less than about 100 ppm. Optionally, the plasma treated water may be further distilled.
1. A method of treating adulterated water, said adulterated water having an initial level of bicarbonate ion of at least about 250 ppm and an initial level of calcium ion of at least 500 ppm, said method comprising:
(a) contacting the adulterated water with a non-thermal plasma to produce plasma treated water having a level of bicarbonate ion of less than about 100 ppm, wherein the non-thermal plasma is formed with the coincident injection of air, oxygen, or a combination thereof; and
(b) optionally distilling the plasma treated water.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising distilling the plasma treated water.
3. The method of claim 1 , the adulterated water being flowback water or water produced during hydraulic fracturing of shale rock during oil or natural gas drilling.
4. The method of claim 1 , the adulterated water having an initial level of bicarbonate ion in the range of from about 500 ppm to about 5,000 ppm.
5. The method of claim 4 , the adulterated water having an initial level of bicarbonate ion in the range of from about 1,000 ppm to about 5,000 ppm.
6. The method of claim 1 , the plasma treated water having a bicarbonate ion level less than about 50 ppm.
7. The method of claim 6 , the plasma treated water having a bicarbonate ion level in the range of from about 10 ppm to about 50 ppm.
8. The method of claim 1 , the non-thermal plasma being generated by a gliding arc discharge.
9. The method of claim 1 , the non-thermal plasma being generated by a spark discharge.
10. The method of claim 9 , spark discharge being generated by a plurality of high voltage pulses at a rate in a range of from about 1 to about 2000 pulses per second.
11. The method of claim 9 , spark discharge being generated by a plurality of high voltage pulses, each pulse having a duration in a range of from about 10 nanosecond to about 10 microseconds.
12. The method of claim 9 , spark discharge being generated by a plurality of high voltage pulses, each pulse having an intensity in a range of about 10 J to about 500 J per pulse.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the contacting the adulterated water with the non-thermal plasma comprises using the water as an electrode to generate the plasma.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the contacting the adulterated water with the non-thermal plasma comprises injecting the adulterated water into a plasma zone generated between two electrodes.
15. The method of claim 1 , further comprising removing solids from the plasma treated water.
16. The method of claim 15 , the removing of solids from the plasma treated water being accomplished by filtering.