Processing materials
Biomass (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) is processed to produce useful products, such as fuels. For example, systems are described that can use feedstock materials, such as cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic materials and/or starchy materials, to produce ethanol and/or butanol, e.g., by fermentation. Hydrocarbon-containing materials are also used as feedstocks.
1. A method of processing a hydrocarbon-containing material, the method comprising: irradiating with accelerated particles a combination formed by combining a hydrocarbon-containing material with an inorganic material by dry blending or comminuting, to produce an irradiated combination, wherein the hydrocarbon-containing material is selected from the group consisting of: tar sands, oil sands, oil shale, crude oil, bitumen, coal, petroleum gases, liquefied natural gas, synthetic gas, and asphalt.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the combination comprises bitumen and silica.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the particles comprise electrons accelerated to a speed of greater than 75% the speed of light.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein during co-comminuting, each of the hydrocarbon-containing material and the inorganic material is cooled to a temperature below 25° C.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein during co-comminuting, each of the hydrocarbon-containing material and the inorganic material is cooled to a temperature below 0° C.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the inorganic material comprises a metal or a metal alloy.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the metal or metal alloy is selected from the group consisting of ferrous metals, base metals, noble metals, precious metals, and transition metals.
8. The method of claim 6 , wherein the metal or metal alloy comprises aluminum.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the inorganic material comprises a metallic compound.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the metallic compound comprises iron or cobalt in the +2 or +3 oxidation state.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the inorganic material comprises a refractory material.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the refractory material is selected from the group consisting of zircon, fireclay, silica, alumina, chromite, silicon carbide, carbon, mulitite, dolomite and magnesite.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the inorganic material comprises a ceramic.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the ceramic is selected from the group consisting of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides and kaolins.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the inorganic material comprises water that is capable of leaving the inorganic material at elevated temperatures.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the inorganic material does not have a melting point.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the inorganic material has a melting point of greater than about 400° C.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the inorganic material has a specific heat capacity of less than about 1.5 J/g K.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the inorganic material has a conductivity of between about 0.004 W/m·K and about 450 W/m·K.
20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the inorganic material has a density of greater than about 1.5 g per cubic centimeter.
21. The method of claim 1 , wherein the inorganic material comprises particles having an average particle size of from about 0.1 micron to about 100 microns.
22. The method of claim 1 , wherein the combination includes about 0.05 to about 35 percent by weight inorganic material.
23. The method of claim 1 , further comprising refining the hydrocarbon-containing material.
24. The method of claim 1 , further comprising extracting a hydrocarbon from the irradiated combination, producing an extracted hydrocarbon.
25. The method of claim 24 , wherein the extracted hydrocarbon is selected from the group consisting of methane, ethane, propane, hexane and mixtures thereof.
26. The method of claim 1 , wherein a lower molecular weight hydrocarbon component is produced in the irradiated combination from a higher molecular weight hydrocarbon component in the hydrocarbon-containing material.
27. The method of claim 1 , further comprising subjecting the hydrocarbon-containing material to catalytic cracking.
28. The method of claim 1 , further comprising subjecting the hydrocarbon-containing material to alkylation.
29. The method of claim 1 , further comprising refining the irradiated combination.
30. A method of processing a hydrocarbon-containing material, the method comprising: irradiating with accelerated particles a combination formed by combining a hydrocarbon-containing material with an inorganic material comprising particles having an average particle size of from about 0.1 micron to about 100 microns, to produce an irradiated combination, wherein the hydrocarbon-containing material is selected from the group consisting of: tar sands, oil sands, oil shale, crude oil, bitumen, coal, petroleum gases, liquefied natural gas, synthetic gas, and asphalt.