Balloon catheter neuromodulation systems

1. An apparatus configured for hepatic neuromodulation, the apparatus comprising:

a balloon catheter configured for intravascular delivery within a portion of a common hepatic artery,

wherein the balloon catheter comprises at least one expandable balloon and a bipolar electrode pair,

wherein at least one electrode of the bipolar electrode pair is configured to be positioned to be expanded into contact with an inner wall of the common hepatic artery upon expansion of the at least one expandable balloon,

wherein the contact is configured to be continuously maintained as the common hepatic artery moves in response to diaphragm motion,

wherein a contact pressure exerted on the inner wall is between 0.1 g/mm 2 and 100 g/mm 2 ,

wherein the bipolar electrode pair is configured to deliver a dose of energy at a target location sufficient to achieve denervation of one or more sympathetic nerves surrounding the common hepatic artery,

wherein the balloon catheter comprises a flexible portion at a distal end of the balloon catheter configured to facilitate navigation of hepatic arterial vasculature that is highly variable and tortuous,

wherein the dose of energy configured to be delivered to the inner wall of the common hepatic artery by the at least one electrode at the target location is between 100 J and 2 kJ,

wherein the energy delivered is within a frequency range of 50 kHz and 20 MHz, and

wherein the energy delivered is sufficient to reduce at least one of a glucose level or a lipoprotein level.

2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the balloon catheter comprises two expandable balloons each having one electrode of the bipolar electrode pair disposed thereon.

3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein a first expandable balloon is configured to be positioned within the common hepatic artery and a second expandable balloon is configured to be positioned within a portion of a second arterial branch extending from the common hepatic artery.

4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the at least one expandable balloon comprises a single expandable balloon, and wherein the bipolar electrode pair is disposed on the single expandable balloon.

5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the at least one expandable balloon comprises a cooling fluid within a lumen of the at least one expandable balloon.

6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the balloon catheter comprises a lumen configured to continuously infuse a fluid into the at least one expandable balloon.

7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the at least one expandable balloon comprises one or more hydrogel portions spaced around a circumference of the at least one expandable balloon.

8. The apparatus of claim 1 ,

wherein the balloon catheter is configured to deliver RF energy at a frequency in the range of 50 kHz to 5 MHz; and

wherein the RF energy is delivered to heat the one or more sympathetic nerves to a temperature of up to 90 degrees Celsius and sufficient to cause ablation of the one or more sympathetic nerves.

9. An apparatus configured for hepatic neuromodulation, the apparatus comprising:

a balloon catheter configured for intravascular placement within a portion of an artery associated with supplying blood to the liver,

wherein the balloon catheter comprises at least one expandable balloon and at least one electrode,

wherein the at least one electrode is configured to be positioned to be expanded into contact with an inner wall of the artery at a target location upon expansion of the at least one expandable balloon,

wherein the contact is configured to be continuously maintained as the artery moves in response to diaphragm motion,

wherein the at least one electrode is configured to deliver a dose of energy to the inner wall of the artery sufficient to achieve modulation of one or more nerves surrounding the inner wall of the artery,

wherein the balloon catheter comprises a flexible portion at a distal end of the balloon catheter configured to facilitate navigation of arterial vasculature supplying the liver that is highly variable and tortuous,

wherein the energy delivered is within a frequency range of 50 kHz and 20 MHz, and

wherein the energy delivered is sufficient to reduce at least one of a glucose level or a lipoprotein level.

10. The apparatus of claim 9 , wherein the at least one expandable balloon is configured to maintain contact pressure between the at least one electrode at a level between 0.1 g/mm 2 and 100 g/mm 2 .

11. The apparatus of claim 9 , wherein the at least one expandable balloon comprises two expandable balloons each having one electrode of a bipolar electrode pair disposed thereon.

12. The apparatus of claim 11 , wherein a first expandable balloon is configured to be positioned within the artery and a second expandable balloon is configured to be positioned within a portion of a second arterial branch extending from the artery.

13. The apparatus of claim 9 , wherein the at least one expandable balloon comprises a cooling fluid within a lumen of the at least one expandable balloon.

14. The apparatus of claim 9 , wherein the balloon catheter comprises a lumen configured to continuously infuse a fluid into the at least one expandable balloon.

15. The apparatus of claim 9 , wherein the at least one expandable balloon comprises one or more hydrogel portions spaced around a circumference of the at least one expandable balloon.

16. The apparatus of claim 9 ,

wherein the balloon catheter is configured to deliver RF energy at a frequency in the range of 50 kHz to 5 MHz; and

wherein the RF energy is delivered to heat the one or more nerves to a temperature of up to 90 degrees Celsius and sufficient to cause ablation of the one or more nerves.

17. The apparatus of claim 9 , wherein the at least one electrode comprises an active electrode and a return electrode of a bipolar electrode pair.

18. An apparatus configured for hepatic neuromodulation, the apparatus comprising:

a catheter body configured for intravascular delivery within a portion of a blood vessel associated with the liver,

wherein the catheter body comprises a proximal opening, a distal opening and an internal lumen in fluid communication with the proximal opening and the distal opening,

wherein the proximal opening is in fluid communication with at least one fluid reservoir,

a balloon at a distal end of the catheter body configured to be expanded by fluid delivered through the internal lumen; and

at least one electrode positioned on the balloon,

wherein the at least one electrode is configured to be positioned to be expanded into contact with an inner wall of the blood vessel at a target location upon expansion of the balloon, and

wherein the at least one electrode is configured to deliver a dose of energy at the target location sufficient to ablate one or more sympathetic nerves surrounding the target location of the blood vessel,

wherein the distal end of the catheter body comprises a flexible portion configured to facilitate navigation of blood vessels associated with the liver that are highly variable and tortuous,

wherein the energy delivered is within a frequency range of 50 kHz and 20 MHz, and

wherein the energy delivered is sufficient to reduce at least one of a glucose level or a lipoprotein level.

19. The apparatus of claim 18 , wherein the fluid comprises cooling fluid.

20. The apparatus of claim 18 , wherein the energy delivered has a frequency of between 50 kHz and 5 MHz.