MEMS affinity sensor for continuous monitoring of analytes
Techniques for monitoring a target analyte in a sample using a polymer capable of binding to the target analyte are disclosed. A microdevice useful for the disclosed techniques includes a semi-permeable membrane structure, a substrate, a first and second microchambers formed between the membrane structure and the substrate. The first microchamber can be adapted to receive a solution including the polymer, and the second microchamber can be adapted to receive a reference solution. Environmental target analyte can permeate the semi-permeable membrane structure and enters the first microchamber and the second microchamber. Based on the difference in a property associated with the polymer solution that is responsive to the target analyte-polymer binding, and the corresponding property associated with reference solution, the presence and/or concentration of the target analyte can be determined.
1. A microdevice for monitoring a target analyte in a sample using a polymer capable of binding to the target analyte, the microdevice comprising:
a semi-permeable membrane structure;
a substrate; and
a first microchamber and a second microchamber, each formed between the semi-permeable membrane structure and the substrate, each of the first and second microchambers comprising a suspended element positioned to be spaced apart from the substrate;
wherein the suspended element in each of the first and second microchambers comprises a perforated top electrode and the substrate comprises a bottom electrode;
wherein the first microchamber is adapted to receive a solution including the polymer;
wherein the second microchamber is adapted to receive a reference solution for screening effects not caused by the target analyte;
wherein perforations in the top electrode in the first microchamber are configured to allow the solution to fill a gap between the top electrode in the first microchamber and the bottom electrode;
wherein perforations in the top electrode in the second microchamber are configured to allow the reference solution to fill a gap between the top electrode in the second microchamber and the bottom electrode;
wherein the semi-permeable membrane structure is permeable to the target analyte and impermeable to the polymer, thereby when the sample is placed in contact with the semi-permeable membrane structure, the target analyte, if present in the sample, permeates the semi-permeable membrane structure and enters the first microchamber and the second microchamber, respectively, and the polymer is prevented from escaping from the first microchamber through the semi-permeable membrane structure.
2. The microdevice of claim 1 , wherein the binding of the polymer with the target analyte causes a change in the permittivity of the polymer solution.
3. The microdevice of claim 1 , wherein the top electrode in each of the first microchamber and the second microchamber is supported by at least one anti-stiction post formed from the substrate.
4. The microdevice of claim 1 , wherein the semi-permeable membrane structure includes at least two semi-permeable membrane portions each forming a cover for the first microchamber and the second microchamber, respectively.
5. The microdevice of claim 1 , further including the polymer solution in the first microchamber and the reference solution in the second microchamber.
6. The microdevice of claim 5 , further comprising a capacitive sensor coupled with each of the first microchamber and the second microchamber, the capacitive sensors configured to detect the difference in capacitance between (A) a first capacitor formed by the suspended element, the substrate, and the polymer solution sandwiched therebetween in the first microchamber; and (B) a second capacitor formed by the suspended element, the substrate, and the reference solution sandwiched therebetween in the second microchamber.
7. The microdevice of claim 1 , wherein the perforated electrode in the first microchamber is supported by at least one post formed from the substrate.
8. The microdevice of claim 1 , wherein the polymer comprises a plurality of boronic acid moieties.
9. The microdevice of claim 8 , wherein the polymer comprises poly(N-hydroxyethylacrylamide-ran-3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid) (PHEA-ran-PAAPBA).
10. The microdevice of any of claim 1 , wherein the polymer reversibly binds with the target analyte.
11. The microdevice of claim 1 , wherein the analyte is glucose.
12. The microdevice of claim 1 , adapted to be implantable in a subcutaneous tissue of a subject.
13. The microdevice of claim 1 , further comprising a microheater.
14. The microdevice of claim 1 , further comprising a temperature sensor.
15. An implantable monitor for monitoring a target analyte in the interstitial fluid of a subject, comprising the microdevice of claim 1 coupled with a wireless interface.
16. The implantable monitor of claim 15 , wherein the wireless interface comprises:
a capacitance digital converter coupled with the microdevice and adapted to produce a digital signal representing a measurement of the target analyte in the interstitial of the subject;
a microcontroller coupled with the capacitance digital converter; and
a transponder coupled with the microcontroller to transmit the digital signal received from the capacitance digital converter to an external reader.
17. A microdevice for monitoring a target analyte in a sample using a polymer capable of binding to the target analyte, the microdevice comprising:
a semi-permeable membrane structure;
a substrate;
a first microchamber and a second microchamber, each formed between the semi-permeable membrane structure and the substrate, each of the first and second microchambers comprising:
a suspended element positioned to be spaced apart from the substrate; and
a capacitor formed by a top electrode included in the suspended element and a bottom electrode included in the substrate;
wherein the first microchamber is adapted to receive a solution including the polymer;
wherein the second microchamber is adapted to receive a reference solution for screening effects not caused by the target analyte;
wherein perforations in the top electrode in the first microchamber are configured to allow the solution to fill a gap between the top electrode in the first microchamber and the bottom electrode;
wherein perforations in the top electrode in the second microchamber are configured to allow the reference solution to fill a gap between the top electrode in the second microchamber and the bottom electrode;
wherein the semi-permeable membrane structure is permeable to the target analyte and impermeable to the polymer, thereby when the sample is placed in contact with the semi-permeable membrane structure, the target analyte, if present in the sample, permeates the semi-permeable membrane structure and enters the first microchamber and the second microchamber, respectively, and the polymer is prevented from escaping from the first microchamber through the semi-permeable membrane structure.
18. The microdevice of claim 17 , wherein the top electrode in each of the first and second microchambers is supported by at least one post formed from the substrate.
19. The microdevice of claim 17 , wherein the binding of the polymer with the target analyte causes a change in the permittivity of the polymer solution.
20. The microdevice of claim 17 , further comprising the polymer solution in the first microchamber and the reference solution in the second microchamber.
21. The microdevice of claim 17 , wherein the analyte is glucose.
22. The microdevice of claim 17 , wherein the microdevice is adapted to be implantable in a subcutaneous tissue of a subject.
23. An implantable monitor for monitoring the target analyte in the interstitial fluid of a subject, comprising a microdevice of claim 17 coupled with a wireless interface.