Method for producing solid carbon by reducing carbon oxides
A method for production of various morphologies of solid carbon product by reducing carbon oxides with a reducing agent in the presence of a catalyst. The carbon oxides are typically either carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide. The reducing agent is typically either a hydrocarbon gas or hydrogen. The desired morphology of the solid carbon product may be controlled by the specific catalysts, reaction conditions, and optional additives used in the reduction reaction. The resulting solid carbon products have many commercial applications.
1. A composition of matter comprising a plurality of carbon nanotubes on a metal substrate, the plurality of carbon nanotubes comprising entangled agglomerations of carbon nanotubes wherein the plurality of entangled agglomerations of carbon nanotubes is clustered with a characteristic dimension of less than 1 millimeter, the plurality of carbon nanotubes comprising a plurality of diameters and a plurality of lengths, the plurality of carbon nanotubes formed by reacting carbon dioxide with a gaseous reducing agent in the presence of an iron-containing catalyst, at least some of the carbon nanotubes of the plurality of carbon nanotubes comprising a particle of the iron-containing catalyst at an end thereof, the iron-containing catalyst having a diameter between about 1.3 and about 1.6 times a diameter of the respective carbon nanotube.
2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of carbon nanotubes is clustered with a characteristic dimension of less than 1 mm.
3. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of carbon nanotubes comprises bulbous or billowing conglomerations of carbon nanotubes.
4. The composition of claim 3 , wherein pillows of the bulbous or billowing conglomerations of carbon nanotubes are easily felted.
5. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of carbon nanotubes defines distinct growth boundaries configured to merge after dispersion of the plurality of carbon nanotubes into an ethanol solution by gentle stirring and subsequent shaking of the solution.
6. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of carbon nanotubes comprises a plurality of distinct layers on a surface of the metal substrate.
7. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the metal substrate comprises steel.
8. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the metal substrate comprises stainless steel.
9. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the metal substrate comprises a metal wafer.
10. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of carbon nanotubes comprises a portion of one of carbon nanotube paper or an electrode.
11. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the iron-containing catalyst comprises stainless steel.
12. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the metal substrate comprises rust.
13. The composition of claim 12 , wherein at least some of the carbon nanotubes of the plurality of carbon nanotubes comprises a particle of the iron-containing catalyst having a diameter of about 20 nm.
14. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the iron-containing catalyst comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of 304 stainless steel and 316 L stainless steel.
15. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the iron-containing catalyst comprises steel.
16. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the at least some of the carbon nanotubes of the plurality of carbon nanotubes comprises a particle of the iron-containing catalyst having a diameter over about 100 nm.