Collagen matrix with locally controlled intrafibrillar and extrafibrillar mineral content and methods of producing
A mineralized collagen matrix with an intrafibrillar and/or extrafibrillar gradient of mineralization for insertion replacement is disclosed. The intrafibrillar mineralization of the collagen matrix is formed by the addition of fetuin to the simulated body fluid. The gradient of intrafibrillar mineralization may stiffen the collagen matrix and simulate a natural insertion for improved cell infiltration and regeneration.
1. An implantable, fabricated mineralized collagen structure for enthesis replacement or repair comprising:
a collagen matrix comprising a plurality of collagen fibrils, wherein the collagen matrix extends a length; and
an intrafibrillar mineralization gradient along the length of the collagen matrix, the intrafibrillar mineralization comprising a plurality of intrafibrillar mineral crystals, wherein each intrafibrillar mineral crystal is deposited within one or more internal collagen fibrils situated beneath an exposed surface of the collagen matrix, and
wherein the mineralized collagen structure is void of cells prior to implantation.
2. The mineralized collagen structure of claim 1 , wherein each intrafibrillar mineral crystal is aligned along the one or more internal collagen fibrils.
3. The mineralized collagen structure of claim 1 , wherein the intrafibrillar mineralization comprises calcium and phosphate.
4. The mineralized collagen structure of claim 1 , wherein the intrafibrillar mineralization gradient is characterized by a continuous decrease in a concentration of intrafibrillar mineral crystals along the length of the collagen matrix.
5. The mineralized collagen structure of claim 4 , further comprising an extrafibrillar mineralization comprising a plurality of extrafibrillar mineral crystals, wherein each extrafibrillar mineral crystal is attached to the exposed surface of the collagen matrix.
6. The mineralized collagen structure of claim 5 , wherein the extrafibrillar mineralization comprises calcium and phosphate.
7. The mineralized collagen structure of claim 5 , wherein the extrafibrillar mineralization further comprises an extrafibrillar mineralization gradient characterized by a continuous decrease in a concentration of extrafibrillar mineral crystals along the length of the collagen matrix.
8. The mineralized collagen structure of claim 7 , wherein a maximum concentration of extrafibrillar mineral crystals and a maximum concentration of intrafibrillar mineral crystals are situated at the same end of the collagen matrix.
9. The mineralized collagen structure of claim 7 , wherein the maximum concentration of extrafibrillar mineral crystals and the maximum concentration of intrafibrillar mineral crystals are situated at opposite ends of the collagen matrix.
10. The mineralized collagen structure of claim 1 , wherein the collagen matrix comprises reconstituted collagen.
11. The mineralized collagen structure of claim 1 , wherein the intrafibrillar mineralization increases the mechanical stiffness of the mineralized collagen structure relative to the mechanical stiffness of the collagen matrix.
12. The mineralized collagen structure of claim 1 , wherein the length of the collagen matrix ranges from about 15 mm to about 25 mm.
13. A method of producing the mineralized collagen structure of claim 1 comprising:
casting an amount of collagen in a mold having a length;
contacting the collagen with a polymerizing buffer to form a polymerized collagen matrix comprising a plurality of collagen fibrils;
drying the polymerized collagen matrix to form a collagen matrix; and
submerging the collagen matrix with a simulated body fluid comprising fetuin to form a plurality of intrafibrillar mineral crystals, wherein each intrafibrillar mineral crystal is deposited within one or more internal collagen fibrils situated beneath an exposed surface of the collagen matrix; and
withdrawing the collagen matrix from the simulated body fluid along the length over a period ranging from about 12 to about 24 hours forming an intrafibrillar mineralization gradient along the length of the mineralized collagen structure;
wherein the intrafibrillar mineralization gradient is characterized by a continuous decrease in a concentration of intrafibrillar mineral crystals along the length of the mineralized collagen structure.
14. The method of claim 13 further comprising contacting the collagen matrix with a second simulated body fluid lacking fetuin to form a plurality of extrafibrillar mineral crystals, wherein each extrafibrillar mineral crystal is attached to the exposed surface of the collagen matrix.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the collagen matrix is contacted with the second simulated body fluid lacking fetuin by:
submerging the collagen matrix in the second simulated body fluid; and
withdrawing the collagen matrix from the second simulated body fluid along the length over a period of about 1 hour, forming an extrafibrillar mineralization gradient along the length of the mineralized collagen structure;
wherein the extrafibrillar mineralization gradient is characterized by a continuous decrease in a concentration of extrafibrillar mineral crystals along the length of the mineralized collagen structure.
16. The method of claim 13 , wherein the collagen matrix is withdrawn from the simulated body fluid at a rate of 15 mm per 12 hours.
17. The method of claim 15 , wherein the collagen matrix is withdrawn from the second simulated body fluid at a rate of 15 mm per hour.
18. The method of claim 13 , wherein the simulated body fluid comprises about 5 mg/ml of fetuin.
19. The method of claim 13 , wherein the amount of collagen comprises reconstituted collagen.