Treatment of biological tissues using subnanosecond electric pulses

1. A system for treatment of biological tissues, comprising:

a lens having a hollow, substantially hemispherical shape with an outer surface, an inner surface, one or more lossy portions, and a dielectric constant increasing monotonically from the outer surface to the inner surface, the inner surface defining a substantially hemispherical cavity for inserting the biological tissues; and

an antenna assembly for generating electromagnetic energy via a series of pulses having a transient time of less than about 1 nanosecond and directing the electromagnetic radiation towards the outer surface;

wherein the lens is configured to direct the electromagnetic radiation to an area in the cavity, wherein the dielectric constant of the lens at the inner surface substantially matches a dielectric constant of the biological tissues, and wherein the lossy portions of the lens are configured to attenuate a portion of the electromagnetic radiation being directed to the cavity from at least one direction.

2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the lens comprises a plurality of layers, and wherein at least a portion of the plurality of layers comprise lossy dielectric materials in an azimuthal direction of the electromagnetic radiation defining the lossy portions of the lens.

3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the lens comprises one or more lossy elements along radial directions defining the lossy portions of the lens, the lossy elements configured to attenuate the electromagnetic radiation in at least one pre-defined radial path to control the angle of the power incidence.

4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the dielectric constant of the lens increases exponentially from the outer surface to the inner surface.

5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the antenna assembly comprises:

an antenna for receiving the series of pulses and generating the electromagnetic radiation; and

a reflector for directing the electromagnetic radiation to the lens.

6. The system of claim 5 , wherein the antenna comprises one of a discone antenna, resistively-loaded dipole antenna, or a resistance terminated transmission line antenna.

7. The system of claim 5 , wherein the reflector comprises a prolate spheroid reflector with the antenna at a first focal point of the prolate spheroid reflector, and wherein the lens and the antenna assembly are arranged such that a second focal point of the reflector is in the cavity.

8. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a pulse generator coupled to the antenna assembly and configured for generating the series of pulses.

9. The system of claim 8 , wherein the pulse generator is configured for generating each of the series of pulses to have a pulse with transient time between about 1 ps and 1 ns.

10. The system of claim 8 , wherein the pulse generator is configured for generating each of the series of pulses to have a magnitude between about 1 kV and 1 MV.

11. The system of claim 8 , wherein the pulse generator is configured for generating each of the series of pulses to have a repetition rate between about 1 Hz and 1MHz.

12. A method for treatment of biological tissues, comprising:

providing a lens having a hollow, substantially hemispherical shape with an outer Surface, an inner surface defining a substantially hemispherical cavity, one or more lossy portions, and a dielectric constant that increases monotonically from the outer surface to the inner surface;

inserting the biological tissues into the cavity;

generating electromagnetic radiation via a series of pulses having a transient time less than about 1 nanosecond; and

directing the electromagnetic energy towards the outer surface of the lens, wherein a configuration of the lens is selected to direct the electromagnetic energy to an area in the cavity, wherein the dielectric constant of the lens at the inner surface is selected to substantially match a dielectric constant of the biological tissues, and

wherein a configuration of the lossy portions of the lens is selected to attenuate a portion of the electromagnetic radiation being directed to the cavity from at least one direction.

13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the lens comprises a plurality of layers, and wherein providing the lens comprises selecting at least a portion of the plurality of layers to comprise lossy dielectric materials to define the lossy portions of the lens.

14. The method of claim 12 , wherein providing the lens comprises selecting the lens to include one or more lossy elements along radial directions to define the lossy portion, the lossy elements selected to attenuate the electromagnetic radiation in at least one pre-defined radial path to control the angle of the power incidence.

15. The method of claim 12 , wherein the dielectric constant of the lens is selected to increase exponentially from the outer surface to the inner surface.

16. The method of claim 12 , wherein each of the series of pulses is selected to have a pulse transient time between about 1 ps and 1 ns.

17. The method of claim 12 , wherein each of the series of pulses is selected to have a magnitude between about 1 kV and 1 MV.

18. The method of claim 12 , wherein each of the series of pulses is selected to have a repetition rate between about 1 Hz and 1 MHz.

19. The method of claim 12 , further comprising introducing at least one of a biological agent or a chemical agent into the biological tissues during the steps of generating and directing.

20. A system for treatment of biological tissues, comprising:

a lens having a hollow, substantially hemispherical shape with an outer surface an inner surface, a plurality of layers, and a dielectric constant that increases monotonically from the outer surface to the inner surface, the inner surface defining a substantially hemispherical cavity for inserting the biological tissues; and

an antenna assembly for generating electromagnetic energy via a series of pulses having a transient time of less than about 1 nanosecond and directing the electromagnetic radiation towards the outer surface;

wherein the lens is configured to direct the electromagnetic radiation to an area in the cavity, wherein a dielectric constant of the lens at the inner surface substantially matches a dielectric constant of the biological tissues, and wherein least a portion of the plurality of layers of the lens comprises lossy dielectric materials in an azimuthal direction of the electromagnetic radiation.