Spatial modulation of light to determine object position
Approaches for determining object position in a flow path are disclosed. A system includes a spatial filter having a length disposed along a longitudinal axis of the flow path and a width along a lateral axis of the flow path. The spatial filter has mask features configured to modulate light. Light emanating from objects moving along the flow path is detected. The detected light has a component along a detection axis that makes a non-zero angle with respect to the longitudinal and lateral axes. An electrical output signal that includes information about the trajectory depth of the object is generated in response to the detected light.
1. An assembly, comprising:
at least one spatial filter having a length along a longitudinal axis of a flow path and a width along a lateral axis of the flow path, the spatial filter having mask features disposed at least partially along the length of the spatial filter and extending at least partially across the width of the spatial filter, the mask features including at least first mask features having a first transmission characteristic and second mask features having a second transmission characteristic different from the first transmission characteristic;
at least one detector positioned to detect light with respect to a detection axis, the detection axis making a non-zero angle with respect to the longitudinal and lateral axes, the detected light emanating from at least one object and modulated according to the mask features as the object moves along the longitudinal axis, the detector configured to generate a time-varying electrical signal in response to the detected light, the time-varying electrical signal including information about a depth of the object in the flow path along the detection axis, the information contained in at least one of an amplitude and a morphology characteristic of the time-varying electrical signal, the characteristic being variable with respect to the depth axis; and
an analyzer configured to determine the depth of the object based on the information in the time-varying electrical signal.
2. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein:
the spatial filter is positioned between a light source that provides measurement light and the object; and
the spatial filter interacts with the measurement light to provide spatially modulated measurement light.
3. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein:
the spatial filter is positioned between the object and the detector; and
the light emanating from the object interacts with the spatial filter to provide modulation of the sensed light.
4. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein:
the light emanating from the object interacts with the spatial filter to provide cones of light that emerge from the mask, the angle of each cone related to the depth of the object;
the time-varying signal includes at least one characteristic associated with the angle of the cone; and
the analyzer is configured to determine the depth of the object based on the characteristic in the time-varying signal associated with the angle of the cone.
5. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein:
the first mask features alternate with the second mask features;
the first mask features comprise at least two transmissive regions having length L 1 , each transmissive region of length L 1 separated from another transmissive region of length L 1 by a less-transmissive region of length L 2 , where L 1 >L 2 ; and
the second mask features comprise at least two less-transmissive regions having length L 1 , each less-transmissive region of length L 1 separated from another less transmissive region of length L 1 by a transmissive region of length L 2 .
6. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein:
the time-varying signal generated in response to the modulated light includes a first signal component of a first frequency superimposed with a second signal component of a second frequency, the first frequency being different from the second frequency.
7. The assembly of claim 6 , wherein the second frequency is a multiple of the first frequency.
8. An assembly, comprising:
at least one spatial filter having a length along a longitudinal axis of a flow path and a width along a lateral axis of the flow path, the spatial filter having mask features disposed at least partially along the length of the spatial filter and extending at least partially across the width of the spatial filter, the mask features including at least first mask features having a first transmission characteristic and second mask features having a second transmission characteristic different from the first transmission characteristic;
at least one detector positioned to detect light with respect to a detection axis, the detection axis making a non-zero angle with respect to the longitudinal and lateral axes, the detected light emanating from at least one object and modulated according to the mask features as the object moves along the longitudinal axis, the detector configured to generate a time-varying electrical signal in response to the detected light, the time-varying electrical signal including information about a depth of the object in the flow path along the detection axis; and
an analyzer configured to determine the depth of the object based on the signal;
wherein the time-varying signal generated in response to the modulated light includes a first signal component of a first frequency superimposed with a second signal component of a second frequency, the first frequency being different from the second frequency; and the analyzer is configured to determine the depth of the object in the flow channel by comparing the amplitude of the first signal component to the amplitude of the second signal component.
9. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein:
the time-varying signal generated in response to the modulated light includes a first signal component of a first frequency superimposed with a second signal component of a second frequency, the first frequency being different from the second frequency; and
the analyzer is configured to perform a Fourier transform of the time-varying signal and to compare an amplitude of the Fourier transform signal at the first frequency to an amplitude of the Fourier transform signal at the second frequency to determine the depth position of the object.
10. The assembly of claim 9 , wherein the analyzer is configured to determine the depth of the object in the flow channel based on a difference between the amplitude of the Fourier transform signal at the first frequency and the amplitude of the Fourier transform signal at the second signal component.
11. An assembly, comprising:
at least one spatial filter having a length along a longitudinal axis of a flow path and a width along a lateral axis of the flow path, the spatial filter having mask features disposed at least partially along the length of the spatial filter and extending at least partially across the width of the spatial filter, the mask features including at least first mask features having a first transmission characteristic and second mask features having a second transmission characteristic different from the first transmission characteristic;
at least one detector positioned to detect light with respect to a detection axis, the detection axis making a non-zero angle with respect to the longitudinal and lateral axes, the detected light emanating from at least one object and modulated according to the mask features as the object moves along the longitudinal axis, the detector configured to generate a time-varying electrical signal in response to the detected light, the time-varying electrical signal including information about a depth of the object in the flow path along the detection axis; and
an analyzer configured to determine the depth of the object based on the signal wherein:
the signal generated in response to the sensed light has a modulation envelope, the modulation envelop defined by a lower envelope function and an upper envelope function; and
the analyzer is configured to determine the depth of the object based on one or more characteristics of the modulation envelope.
12. The assembly of claim 11 , wherein the depth is determined based on an amount of modulation of the lower envelope function.
13. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein:
an edge between the first and second mask features for at least some of the mask features extends at an angle that is not perpendicular and not parallel to the longitudinal axis of the mask; and
the spatial filter includes at least one reference feature that is substantially parallel to the lateral axis.
14. The assembly of claim 13 , wherein the time-varying signal also includes information about a position of the object along at least one of the lateral and longitudinal axes.
15. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein:
the first mask features alternate with the second mask features;
the first mask features comprise at least two transmissive regions having length L 1 , each transmissive region of length L 1 separated from another transmissive region of length L 1 by a less transmissive region of length L 2 , where L 1 >L 2 ; and
the second mask features comprise at least two less-transmissive regions having length L 1 , each less-transmissive region of length L 1 separated from another less transmissive region of length L 1 by a transmissive region of length L 2 , wherein each mask feature has at least one edge that is not parallel and not perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the mask.
16. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein the mask features have a changing frequency across the lateral axis of the spatial filter.
17. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein the analyzer is further configured to determine position of the object along the lateral and longitudinal axes based on the signal.
18. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein:
the spatial filter includes:
a first set of first and second mask features; and
second set of first and second mask features;
the detector is configured to generate a time varying electrical signal, the time varying electrical signal having a first portion generated in response to detected light modulated according to the first set of mask features and having a second portion generated in response to detected light modulated according to the second set of mask features.
19. The assembly of claim 18 , wherein at least one edge between a first mask feature and a second mask feature of the first set of mask features is not parallel or perpendicular to the longitudinal axis.
20. The assembly of claim 19 , wherein the first set of mask features includes one or more triangular mask features.
21. An assembly, comprising:
a first spatial filter arranged along an x-y plane of a flow path characterized in three dimensional space by x, y, and z axes, the first spatial filter having a first group of mask features;
a second spatial filter arranged along an x-z plane of the flow path, the second spatial filter having a second group of mask features;
a first detector positioned to detect light emanating from at least one object and modulated according to the first group of mask features as the object moves along the flow path, the first detector configured to generate a first time-varying electrical signal in response to the detected light modulated according to the first group of mask features;
a second detector positioned to detect light emanating from at least one object and modulated according to the second group of mask features as the object moves along the flow path, the second detector configured to generate a second time-varying electrical signal in response to the detected light modulated according to the second group of mask features; and
an analyzer configured to determine a position of the object along the x, y, and z axes based on the first and second time-varying signals.
22. The assembly of claim 21 , wherein at least one edge between a first mask feature and a second mask feature of the first group of mask features is not parallel or perpendicular to a flow direction of the flow path.
23. A method, comprising:
detecting light emanating from objects moving along a flow path, the emanating light modulated by at least one spatial filter having a length along a longitudinal axis of a flow path and a width along a lateral axis of the flow path, the spatial filter having mask features configured to modulate light, the detected light having a component along a detection axis that makes a non-zero angle with respect to the longitudinal and lateral axes;
generating a time-varying electrical output signal in response to the detected light, the time-varying electrical output signal including information contained in at least one of an amplitude and a morphological characteristic of the time-varying electrical output signal that corresponds to the component of the detected light, the characteristic being variable with respect to the depth axis; and
determining a depth of the object in the flow path along the detection axis based on the information in the time-varying electrical output signal.
24. The method of claim 23 , wherein determining the depth of the object comprises performing a time domain analysis.
25. The method of claim 23 , wherein determining the depth of the object comprises performing a frequency domain analysis.
26. The system of claim 1 , wherein the amplitude characteristic comprises one or both of a peak maximum and a peak minimum of the signal.
27. The system of claim 1 , wherein the morphology characteristic comprises one or both of a rise time and a fall time of the signal.