Electrochemical cell stack having a protective flow channel
Disclosed herein are improved electrochemical cell stacks having at least one protective channel on an end of the stack. Redox flow batteries (RFBs) containing the “protected” electrochemical cell stacks, and methods of operating such RFBs, are also provided.
1. A protected electrochemical cell stack for a redox flow battery, comprising
(a) a plurality of electrochemical cells configured in a stack, wherein each of the plurality of electrochemical cells comprises a positive portion separated from a negative portion by an ion transfer membrane, wherein the positive portion comprises a cathode separated from the ion transfer membrane by an electrochemical cell catholyte channel, and wherein the negative portion comprises an anode separated from the ion transfer membrane by an electrochemical cell anolyte channel; and
(b) a first protective cell disposed on a first end of the stack, wherein the first protective cell comprises a first protective cell anolyte channel and a first protective cell catholyte channel, wherein the first protective cell anolyte channel is in liquid communication with at least one electrochemical cell anolyte channel in the plurality of electrochemical cells, wherein the first protective catholyte channel is in liquid communication with at least one electrochemical cell catholyte channel in the plurality of electrochemical cells, and wherein the first protective cell anolyte channel is not in ionic communication with the first protective cell catholyte channel.
2. The protected electrochemical cell stack of claim 1 , further comprising an anolyte delivery manifold configured to distribute liquid anolyte to the plurality of electrochemical cells and the first protective cell.
3. The protected electrochemical cell stack of claim 1 , further comprising an anolyte return manifold configured to accept liquid anolyte after passing through the plurality of electrochemical cells and the first protective cell.
4. The protected electrochemical cell stack of claim 1 , further comprising a catholyte delivery manifold configured to distribute liquid catholyte to the plurality of electrochemical cells and the first protective cell.
5. The protected electrochemical cell stack of claim 1 , further comprising a catholyte return manifold configured to accept liquid catholyte after passing through the plurality of electrochemical cells and the first protective cell.
6. The protected electrochemical cell stack of claim 1 , further comprising a housing enclosing the first protective cell and the stack.
7. The protected electrochemical cell stack of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of electrochemical cells are electrically connected in series.
8. The protected electrochemical cell stack of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of electrochemical cells are arranged fluidically in parallel such that the positive portion of one electrochemical cell faces the negative portion of an adjacent electrochemical cell.
9. The protected electrochemical cell stack of claim 1 , further comprising a plurality of bipolar plate electrodes, each comprising a positive side and a negative side, wherein the plurality of bipolar plate electrodes are interposed between the plurality of electrochemical cells such that the positive side of one of the bipolar plate electrodes is in electrical communication with the positive portion of one electrochemical cell and the negative side of the bipolar plate electrode is in electrical communication with the negative portion of an adjacent electrochemical cell.
10. The protected electrochemical cell stack of claim 1 , further comprising a positive current collector in between a positive end of the stack and the first protective cell.
11. The protected electrochemical cell stack of claim 1 , further comprising a negative current collector in between a negative end of the stack and the first protective cell.
12. The protected electrochemical cell stack of claim 1 , further comprising a positive current collector disposed adjacent to the first protective cell and distal to the plurality of electrochemical cells.
13. The protected electrochemical cell stack of claim 1 , further comprising a negative current collector disposed adjacent to the first protective cell and distal to the plurality of electrochemical cells.
14. The protected electrochemical cell stack of claim 1 , further comprising a second protective cell disposed on a second end of the stack, the second protective cell comprising a second protective cell anolyte channel and a second protective cell catholyte channel, wherein the second protective cell anolyte channel is in liquid communication with at least one electrochemical cell anolyte channel in the plurality of electrochemical cells, wherein the second protective catholyte channel is in liquid communication with at least one electrochemical cell catholyte channel in the plurality of electrochemical cells, and wherein the second protective cell anolyte channel is not in ionic communication with the second protective cell catholyte channel.
15. A method of operating a redox flow battery, comprising:
(a) providing an electrochemical cell stack according to claim 1 ; and
(b) flowing anolyte and catholyte through the plurality of electrochemical cells and the first protective cell.
16. A protected electrochemical cell stack for a redox flow battery, comprising
(a) a plurality of electrochemical cells configured in a stack, wherein each of the plurality of electrochemical cells comprises a positive portion separated from a negative portion by an ion transfer membrane, wherein the positive portion comprises a cathode separated from the ion transfer membrane by an electrochemical cell catholyte channel, and wherein the negative portion comprises an anode separated from the ion transfer membrane by an electrochemical cell anolyte channel; and
(b) a first protective channel disposed on a first end of the stack, wherein the first protective channel is in liquid communication with either at least one electrochemical cell anolyte channel in the plurality of electrochemical cells or at least one electrochemical cell catholyte channel in the plurality of electrochemical cells, and wherein the first protective channel is configured to allow an electrolyte to pass without undergoing an electrochemical reaction.
17. The protected electrochemical cell stack of claim 16 , wherein the first protective channel is configured to receive anolyte and wherein the first protective channel is in liquid communication with at least one electrochemical cell anolyte channel.
18. The protected electrochemical cell stack of claim 16 , wherein the first protective channel is configured to receive catholyte and wherein the first protective channel is in liquid communication with at least one electrochemical cell catholyte channel.
19. The protected electrochemical cell stack of claim 16 , further comprising a second protective channel adjacent to the first protective channel, wherein the second protective channel is configured to allow an electrolyte to pass without undergoing an electrochemical reaction.
20. The protected electrochemical cell stack of claim 19 , wherein there is no ionic communication between the first protective channel and the second protective channel.
21. The protected electrochemical cell stack of claim 19 , wherein there is ionic communication between the first protective channel and the second protective channel.
22. The protected electrochemical cell stack of claim 21 , wherein there is an ion-transfer membrane between the first protective channel and the second protective channel.
23. The protected electrochemical cell stack of claim 19 , wherein the first protective channel and the second protective channel are both configured to receive the same electrolyte.
24. The protected electrochemical cell stack of claim 19 , wherein the first protective channel and the second protective channel are configured to receive different electrolytes.