Microenvironment for efficient uptake of fertilizers and other agrochemicals in soil

1. A bead comprising:

i) an external zone comprising a super absorbent polymer (SAP) that is capable of absorbing at least about 5 times its weight in water,

surrounding

ii) at least one internal zone comprising a core that contains at least one agrochemical,

wherein the external zone is permeable to oxygen when hydrated, and the internal zone is formulated to release the at least one agrochemical into the external zone over a period of at least about one week when the external zone is hydrated.

2. The bead of claim 1 , wherein the SAP is capable of absorbing at least about 50 times its weight in water.

3. The bead of claim 1 , wherein the SAP is an aerogel, a hydrogel or an organogel.

4. The bead of claim 1 , wherein the SAP is a hydrogel.

5. The bead of claim 4 , wherein roots of a crop plant are capable of growing within the hydrogel when the hydrogel is hydrated.

6. The bead of claim 4 , wherein the hydrogel is capable of repeated swelling cycles that each comprises hydration followed by dehydration.

7. The bead of claim 1 , wherein the external zone does not contain the at least one agrochemical before the bead is hydrated for the first time.

8. The bead of claim 1 , having a maximum diameter of about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 cm when the SAP of the external zone is about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, or 5-50% hydrated.

9. The bead of claim 4 , wherein the hydrogel is a synthetic hydrogel, a natural carbohydrate hydrogel, or a pectin or protein hydrogel, or any combination thereof.

10. The bead of claim 9 , wherein the synthetic hydrogel comprises acrylamide, an acrylic derivative, or any combination thereof.

11. The bead of claim 4 , wherein the hydrogel comprises a natural super absorbent polymer (SAP), a poly-sugar SAP, a semi-synthetic SAP, a fully-synthetic SAP, or any combination thereof.

12. The bead of claim 1 , wherein the internal zone comprises an organic polymer, a natural polymer, or an inorganic polymer, or any combination thereof.

13. The bead of claim 1 , wherein the at least one core is coated with at least one coat compound.

14. The bead of claim 1 , wherein the core comprises at least about 0.1 grams of the at least one agrochemical.

15. The bead of claim 1 , wherein the at least one agrochemical is:

i) at least one fertilizer compound;

ii) at least one pesticide compound,

iii) at least one hormone compound;

iv) at least one drug compound;

v) at least one chemical growth agents; and/or

vi) at least one microelement.

16. The bead of claim 1 , wherein the at least one agrochemical is at least one fertilizer compound.

17. The bead of claim 1 , wherein the at least one agrochemical is released from the core of the internal zone over a period of at least about one week when the SAP of the external zone is hydrated.

18. A method of growing a plant, comprising adding at least one bead of claim 1 to the medium in which the plant is grown.

19. A method of growing a plant, comprising adding multiple beads of claim 1 to the medium of the plant, wherein the multiple beads comprise three fertilizer compounds, such that the total N, P, and K content as (NH 4 ) 2 SO 2 , NH 4 H 2 PO 4 , and KCl in the medium as part of the beads is about 25, 5, and 30 g/m 2 , respectively.

20. A method of generating an artificial zone with predetermined chemical properties within the root zone of a plant, comprising:

i) adding at least two different beads to the root zone of the plant; or

ii) adding at least two different beads to the anticipated root zone of the medium in which the plant is anticipated to grow,

wherein at least one of the at least two different beads is as defined in claim 1 .