Dynamic and depolarized dynamic light scattering colloid analyzer
Apparatus are described for measuring the characteristics of colloidal particles suspended in transparent media by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Depolarized Dynamic Light Scattering (DDLS) into regions where conventional measurements are difficult or impractical. Matching the diameter of an illuminating beam and an intersecting diameter of a field stop image extends measurements into regions that include concentrated turbid suspensions that frequently appear so visually opaque that multiple scattering typically gives a falsely low estimate of particle size. At the opposite extreme, where insufficient signal is available to determine either or both of the translational and/or rotational relaxation times of the particles, typically where they are too small, too few, or of insufficient refractive index difference from the medium to scatter enough light, measurements can be improved by: a) using a sufficiently large aperture such that many coherence areas fall upon the detector; and b) optical homodyne amplification of the scattered signal.
1. An optical system for measuring particle characteristics comprising:
a polarized illuminating beam of light focused in or near a specimen;
polarizing components that selectively pass either ‘S’ or ‘P’ polarized homodyne light to mix with at least some of the illuminating beam scattered from the specimen;
polarizing components that selectively pass either ‘S’ or ‘P’ polarized scattered light from the specimen; and
a detector receiving both the polarized homodyne beam and polarized scattered light from the specimen,
wherein a conjugate image of a field stop located adjacent the detector is formed at the specimen by a receiving lens and defines a first diameter of a visible volume of the specimen to be substantially equal to a second diameter of the polarized illuminating beam at the specimen.
2. The optical system in claim 1 whereby the homodyne beam phase-front appears to emanate from a region much smaller than the visible volume radius, while being conjugate with a common focal plane of illumination and field stop images.
3. The optical system in claim 1 whereby the optical system comprises a shutter that blocks the homodyne light.
4. The optical system in claim 1 whereby the optical system comprises a polarized homodyne beam transmitted through the specimen.
5. An optical system for measuring particle characteristics comprising:
a polarized illuminating beam of light focused in or near a specimen;
polarizing components that selectively pass either ‘S’ or ‘P’ polarized homodyne light to mix with at least some of the illuminating beam scattered from the specimen;
polarizing components that selectively pass either ‘S’ or ‘P’ polarized scattered light from the specimen; and
a detector receiving both the polarized homodyne beam and polarized scattered light from the specimen,
whereby the optical system comprises an aperture positioned to receive a visible cone of light from the specimen whereby the aperture allows for more than one coherence area to fall upon a detector, and
wherein a conjugate image of a field stop located adjacent the detector is formed at the specimen by a receiving lens and defines a first diameter of a visible volume of the specimen to be substantially equal to a second diameter of the polarized illuminating beam at the specimen.
6. An optical system for measuring particle characteristics comprising:
a light source;
a sample region configured to hold a droplet on a single transparent plate;
one or more optical components arranged to focus an optical beam from the light source to an illumination volume having a first diameter at a location of the droplet on the transparent plate;
one or more optical components arranged to receive scattered light from a visible volume at the location of the droplet and direct the received scattered light to a detector; and
the detector positioned to receive the scattered light from the location of the droplet, wherein a conjugate image of a field stop located adjacent the detector is formed at the location of the droplet by a receiving lens and defines a first diameter of the visible volume of the droplet to be substantially equal to a second diameter of the illuminating beam at the location of the droplet.
7. An optical system for measuring particle characteristics comprising:
a light source;
a sample region configured to hold a specimen within a translatable wedge shaped container;
one or more optical components arranged to focus an optical beam from the light source to an illumination volume having a first diameter at the sample region;
one or more optical components arranged to receive scattered light from a visible volume at the sample region and direct the received scattered light to a detector; and
the detector positioned to receive the scattered light from the visible volume at the wedge shaped container, wherein a conjugate image of a field stop adjacent the detector is formed at the specimen by a receiving lens and defines a first diameter of a visible volume of the specimen to be substantially equal to a second diameter of the illuminating beam at the specimen.
8. An optical system for measuring particle characteristics by light scattering, the optical system comprising:
a light source;
a sample region configured to hold a sample cell;
a focusing lens arranged to focus an optical beam from the light source to an illumination volume having a first diameter at the sample region;
a receiving lens arranged to receive scattered light from a visible volume at the sample region and direct the received scattered light to a detector; and
an aperture stop having a second diameter and located at the receiving lens, wherein the second diameter admits more than one speckle, as defined by the van Cittert-Zernike coherence theorem, to the detector, wherein
a conjugate image of a field stop located adjacent the detector is formed at the specimen by the receiving lens and defines a diameter of the visible volume at the sample region to be substantially equal to the first diameter of the illuminating volume at the sample region.
9. The optical system of claim 8 , wherein the second diameter admits up to about 200 speckles to the detector.
10. The optical system of claim 8 , wherein the second diameter admits up to about 1000 speckles to the detector.
11. The optical system of claim 8 , wherein an intersection of the illumination volume and the visible volume is fully within the sample cell.
12. The optical system of claim 8 , wherein the scattered light is received in a rearward direction with respect to an incidence direction of the optical beam on the sample region.
13. The optical system of claim 8 , wherein the light source comprises a semiconductor laser.
14. The optical system of claim 8 , further comprising:
a beamsplitter arranged to split the optical beam from the light source and provide a monitoring beam; and
a detection system configured to receive the monitoring beam and monitor one or both of an intensity and coherence of the optical beam.