Compositions of particles comprising rare-earth oxides in a metal alloy matrix and related methods
A composition includes a metal alloy matrix comprising iron and a plurality of nanoparticles dispersed within the metal alloy matrix. Each nanoparticle of the plurality comprises an oxide of a rare-earth metal and at least one metal selected from the group consisting of tantalum, niobium, vanadium, and titanium. Some compositions include a metal alloy matrix comprising iron and a plurality of nanoparticles comprising at least two different oxides of rare-earth metals dispersed within the metal alloy matrix. Some methods include mixing an oxide of a rare-earth metal with a first metal and a second metal. Other methods include mixing a plurality of particles comprising at least one oxide of a rare-earth metal with a molten metal comprising iron. Each particle of the plurality may exhibit a density between about 6.9 g/cm 3 and about 9.0 g/cm 3 .
1. A composition, comprising:
a metal alloy matrix comprising iron; and
a plurality of nanoparticles dispersed within the metal alloy matrix, wherein each nanoparticle of the plurality comprises a first phase comprising an oxide of a rare-earth metal and a second phase comprising at least one metal selected from the group consisting of tantalum, niobium, vanadium, and titanium.
2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the at least one metal comprises tantalum and at least one of niobium and vanadium.
3. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticles of the plurality exhibit a density within 2% of a density of the metal alloy matrix.
4. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticles of the plurality exhibit a density within 1% of a density of the metal alloy matrix.
5. The composition of claim 1 , wherein each nanoparticle of the plurality comprises at least one oxide selected from the group consisting of oxides of scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium.
6. The composition of claim 5 , wherein each nanoparticle of the plurality comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of Y 2 O 3 , La 2 O 3 , Pr 2 O 3 , and Nd 2 O 3 .
7. The composition of claim 1 , wherein each nanoparticle of the plurality exhibits a particle diameter of less than 10 nm.
8. The composition of claim 1 , wherein at least a portion of each nanoparticle of the plurality is formulated to form a distinct phase from the metal alloy matrix at a temperature below a melting temperature of the metal alloy matrix.
9. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the oxide of a rare-earth metal exhibits a melting temperature above a melting temperature of the metal alloy matrix.
10. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises from 0.25% to 1.25% by weight of the oxide of the rare-earth metal, and from 0.25% to 2.0% by weight of a total of the at least one metal selected from the group consisting of tantalum, niobium, vanadium, and titanium.
11. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises from 60% to 90% by weight iron.
12. The composition of claim 1 , wherein at least some nanoparticles of the plurality comprise a coating of the second phase at least partially over the first phase.
13. A method, comprising:
mixing an oxide of a rare-earth metal with a first metal and a second metal, wherein the first metal comprises iron, and wherein the second metal comprises at least one metal selected from the group consisting of tantalum, niobium, vanadium, and titanium; and
cooling the mixture to form a metal alloy matrix comprising iron and a plurality of nanoparticles dispersed in the metal alloy matrix, the nanoparticles each comprising a first phase comprising the oxide of the rare-earth metal and a second phase comprising the second metal.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein cooling the mixture to form a metal alloy matrix comprises forming a plurality of nanoparticles exhibiting a particle diameter of less than 10 nm.
15. The method of claim 13 , further comprising reheating at least a portion of the mixture to fusion-weld at least a portion of the mixture to another portion of a metal alloy matrix comprising iron and a plurality of nanoparticles comprising the second metal and the oxide of the rare-earth metal.
16. The method of claim 13 , wherein the first metal comprises an iron alloy.
17. The method of claim 13 , wherein mixing an oxide of a rare-earth metal with a first metal and a second metal comprises forming a mixture of the first metal and the second metal, wherein each of the first metal and the second metal is in a liquid state.
18. The method of claim 13 , wherein mixing an oxide of a rare-earth metal with a first metal and a second metal comprises mixing the first metal with particles comprising the second metal and the oxide of the rare-earth metal.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein mixing an oxide of a rare-earth metal with a first metal and a second metal comprises mixing the first metal with nanoparticles comprising the second metal surrounding the oxide of the rare-earth metal.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein each nanoparticle of the plurality comprises a coating of Nb over a core of Y 2 O 3 .
21. The method of claim 19 , wherein mixing an oxide of a rare-earth metal with a first metal and a second metal comprises mixing the first metal with a plurality of nanoparticles comprising the oxide of a rare-earth metal surrounding the second metal.
22. The method of claim 21 , wherein each nanoparticle of the plurality comprises a coating of Y 2 O 3 over a core of an alloy comprising Ta and Nb.