PH sensor system and methods of sensing pH

1. A system for measuring pH of an aqueous sample, comprising:

a substrate;

a sensor medium immobilized on the substrate, the sensor medium comprising a plurality of oxidized carbon nanostructures, wherein the plurality of oxidized carbon nanostructures is oxidized to provide a loading of carboxylic groups on the plurality of oxidized carbon nanostructures within the range of approximately 1-20 μmol/mg, and at least one composition selected from the group of a polymer including a group sensitive to H+ concentration and a metal oxide immobilized on the at least one oxidized carbon nanostructure, the at least one composition having at least one property that depends on pH of the aqueous sample;

a first conductive terminal in electrical connection with the sensor medium and a second conductive terminal in electrical connection with the sensor medium and spaced from the first conductive terminal;

at least one measurement system to measure an electrical property of the sensor medium, the measurement system being calibrated to determine and provide an output of pH of the aqueous sample from the measured electrical property.

2. The system of claim 1 wherein the at least one measurement system also measures at least one optical property of the sensor medium.

3. The system of claim 1 wherein the system operates as a chemiresistor.

4. The system of claim 1 wherein the at least one composition is immobilized on a network of single-walled carbon nanotubes.

5. The system of claim 1 wherein the plurality of oxidized carbon nanostructures is functionalized carboxylic groups having a carboxylic group loading the range of approximately 10-15 μmol/mg.

6. The system of claim 1 wherein the plurality of oxidized carbon nanostructures is functionalized with carboxylic groups to have a carboxylic group loading of approximately 12 μmol/mg.

7. The system of claim 1 wherein the polymer is a conductive polymer.

8. The system of claim 7 wherein the conductive polymer is a polyaminoanthracene, a polyaniline, a polypyrrole or a derivative thereof.

9. The system of claim 8 wherein the conductive polymer is a polyaminoanthracene.

10. The system of claim 7 wherein the at least one composition is immobilized on a network of single-walled oxidized carbon nanotubes.

11. The system of claim 10 wherein the plurality of oxidized carbon nanostructures are functionalized with carboxylic groups to have a loading of carboxylic groups within the range of approximately 12 μmol/mg.

12. The system of claim 10 wherein the plurality of oxidized carbon nanostructures are functionalized with carboxylic groups to have a carboxylic group loading within the range of approximately 10-15 μmol/mg.

13. The system of claim 1 wherein the polymer is poly(ethylene imine), sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene, or poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate).

14. The system of claim 1 wherein the polymer includes amine functional groups sensitive to H+ concentration.

15. The system of claim 1 wherein the polymer forms a proton exchange membrane.

16. The system of claim 1 wherein the at least one composition comprises a metal oxide.

17. The system of claim 1 wherein the composition comprises metal oxide nanoparticles.

18. The system of claim 17 wherein the metal oxide nanoparticles comprise at least one of Fe 2 O 3 , Nd 2 O 3 , WO 3 , TiO 2 , and Al 2 O 3 .

19. A method for measuring pH of an aqueous sample, comprising:

placing a system in fluid connection with the aqueous sample, the system comprising a substrate and a sensor medium immobilized on the substrate, the sensor medium comprising a plurality of oxidized carbon nanostructures, wherein the plurality of oxidized carbon nanostructures is oxidized to provide a loading of carboxylic groups on the plurality of oxidized carbon nanostructures within the range of approximately 1-20 μmol/mg, and at least one composition selected from the group of a conductive polymer including a group sensitive to H+ concentration and a metal oxide immobilized on the at least one oxidized carbon nanostructure, and a first conductive terminal in electrical connection with the sensor medium and a second conductive terminal in electrical connection with the sensor medium and spaced from the first conductive terminal, the at least one composition having at least one property that depends on pH of the aqueous sample;

measuring at least one electrical property of the sensor medium;

relating a measured value of the at least one electrical property of the sensor medium to pH via a predetermined calibration of the measured electrical property of system for pH; and

providing an output of the pH.