Electrochromic nanocomposite films
The present invention provides an electrochromic nanocomposite film. In an exemplary embodiment, the electrochromic nanocomposite film, includes (1) a solid matrix of oxide based material and (2) transparent conducting oxide (TCO) nanostructures embedded in the matrix. In a further embodiment, the electrochromic nanocomposite film farther includes a substrate upon which the matrix is deposited. The present invention also provides a method of preparing an electrochromic nanocomposite film.
1. An electrochromic device, comprising:
a composite electrochromic film comprising transparent conducting oxide (TCO) nanostructures embedded in a matrix comprising an electrochromic metal oxide material;
a solid electrolyte; and
a counter electrode,
wherein the electrochromic film separately controls an amount of visible light and heat transmitted through the device, wherein to separately control, the electrochromic film is to:
modulate its transmittance in a near infrared (NIR) range of an electromagnetic spectrum in response to a first applied bias voltage by modulation of absorption in the TCO nanostructures, and
modulate its visible transmittance in response to a second applied bias voltage which is different from the first applied bias voltage.
2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the electrochromic film is to decrease its NIR transmittance in response to the first applied bias voltage due to a modulation of a surface plasmon absorption in the TCO nanostructures.
3. The device of claim 2 , wherein:
the electrochromic film exhibits a different transmittance response to the first applied bias voltage and to the second applied bias voltage;
the transmittance in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum remains approximately unchanged while the NIR transmittance of the electrochromic film decreases in response to the first applied bias voltage; and
the electrochromic film is configured to reversibly darken in at least the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum in response to the second applied bias voltage.
4. The device of claim 3 , wherein the electrochromic film comprises a Nb 2 O 5 -ITO, V 2 O 5 -ITO or VO 2 -ITO nanocomposite.
5. The device of claim 3 , wherein the second applied bias voltage has a larger magnitude than the first applied bias voltage.
6. The device of claim 1 , wherein the device comprises an electrochromic window having a first transparent conductor adjacent to the electrochromic film and a second transparent conductor adjacent to the counter electrode.
7. The device of claim 1 , wherein the electrochromic film is to control the amount of light transmitted through the electrochromic device by modulating the visible transmittance of the electrochromic film through reversibly darkening or bleaching the electrochromic metal oxide material in a visible range in response to the second applied bias voltage.
8. A method of operating an electrochromic device comprising a composite electrochromic film comprising transparent conducting oxide (TCO) nanostructures embedded in a matrix comprising an electrochromic metal oxide material, a solid electrolyte, and a counter electrode, wherein the method comprises separately controlling an amount of light and heat transmitted through the electrochromic device by: applying a first bias voltage to the device to modulate a transmittance of the electrochromic film in a near infrared (NIR) range of an electromagnetic spectrum by modulation of absorption in the TCO nanostructures; and applying a second bias voltage to the device to modulate a transmittance of the electrochromic film in a visible range, wherein the second bias voltage is different from the first bias voltage.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the transmittance of the electrochromic film in the NIR range is decreased in response to the first bias voltage due to a modulation of a surface plasmon absorption in the TCO nanostructures.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the second bias voltage is more negative than a redox potential of the electrochromic metal oxide material.
11. The method of claim 9 , wherein:
the electrochromic film exhibits a different transmittance response to the first bias voltage and to the second applied bias voltage;
the transmittance in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum remains approximately unchanged while the transmittance of the electrochromic film in the NIR range decreases in response to the application of the first bias voltage; and
the electrochromic film reversibly darkens in at least the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum in response to the application of the second bias voltage.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the electrochromic film comprises a Nb 2 O 5 -ITO, V 2 O 5 -ITO or VO 2 -ITO nanocomposite.
13. The method of claim 11 , wherein the second bias voltage has a larger magnitude than the first bias voltage.
14. The method of claim 8 , wherein the device comprises an electrochromic window having a first transparent conductor adjacent to the electrochromic film and a second transparent conductor adjacent to the counter electrode.
15. The method of claim 8 , wherein:
the TCO nanostructures comprise metal oxide nanocrystals.
16. The method of claim 8 , wherein controlling the amount of light transmitted through the electrochromic device comprises applying the second bias voltage to modulate the visible transmittance of the electrochromic film through reversibly darkening or bleaching the electrochromic metal oxide material in the visible range.