Pyridazine derivatives as EAAT2 activators
Pyridazine derivatives that activate the excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2), and methods use thereof for treating or preventing diseases, disorders, and conditions associated with glutamate excitotoxicity.
1. A method for treating a disease, disorder, or condition in a subject in need thereof, wherein the disease, disorder, or condition is selected from the group consisting of ischemic stroke, epilepsy, trauma, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, mesial temporal sclerosis, Huntington's disease, AIDS dementia complex, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), migraine, temporomandibular disorders, neuropathic pain, visceral pain, complex regional pain syndrome, alcohol addiction, drug addiction, a cancer, and depression, the method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:
wherein:
R 1 is pyridyl or phenyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 independently selected R a ;
X is S, S(O), SO 2 ; O, N(C 1 -C 3 alkyl), C(O)O, C(O)NH, C(O)NHCH 2 , C 1 -C 4 alkylene, or a bond;
R 2 is:
(i) —Y—R 5 , wherein Y is C 1 -C 8 alkylene or a bond; and R 5 is independently selected from: (a) phenyl which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 independently selected R b , and (b) heteroaryl, which contains from 5-10 ring atoms, wherein from 1-4 of the ring atoms is independently selected from N, NH, N(C 1 -C 3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl ring is optionally substituted with from 1-5 independently selected R b , (c) C 1 -C 8 alkyl, (d) H; or
(ii) C 9 -C 12 aryl-cycloalkyl, wherein the aryl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-5 independently selected R b ; or heteroaryl-cycloalkyl, which contains from 9-12 ring atoms, wherein from 1-4 of the ring atoms is independently selected from N, NH, N(C 1 -C 3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R b ;
each of R 3 and R 4 is independently selected from hydrogen and C 1 -C 3 alkyl;
R a at each occurrence is, independently, selected from halo, —OH, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 thioalkoxy, C 1 -C 6 haloalkoxy, C 1 -C 6 thiohaloalkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, and —CN; and
R b at each occurrence is independently selected from any of the substituents delineated in (a) (b), (c), (d), (e), and (f), inclusive, below:
(a) halo;
(b) C 1 -C 6 alkyl or C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with —NH(C 1 -C 6 alkyl), N(C 1 -C 6 alkyl) 2 , —NHC(O)(C 1 -C 6 alkyl);
(c) —OH; C 1 -C 6 alkoxy; C 2-8 alkynyloxy, C 1 -C 6 haloalkoxy; C 1 -C 6 thioalkoxy; C 1 -C 6 thiohaloalkoxy; —NH 2 ; azido; —NH(C 1 -C 6 alkyl), N(C 1 -C 6 alkyl) 2 , —NHC(O)(C 1 -C 6 alkyl), wherein the alkyl portion of each is optionally substituted with cyano;
(d) C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl containing from 5-6 ring atoms, wherein from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heterocyclyl is independently selected from N, NH, N(C 1 -C 6 alkyl), NC(O)(C 1 -C 6 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein each of said cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected C 1 -C 4 alkyl groups;
(e) C 2 -C 4 alkenyl; C 2 -C 8 alkynyl;
(f) nitro; cyano; —C(O)H; —C(O)(C 1 -C 6 alkyl); C(O)OH; —C(O)O(C 1 -C 6 alkyl); —C(O)NH 2 —SO 2 (C 1 -C 6 alkyl); —SO 2 (C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl); —C(O)NR′″R″″—SO 2 NR′″R″″, —SO 2 NH 2 , —NHCO(C 1 -C 6 alkyl), —NHSO 2 (C 1 -C 6 alkyl), whereby R′″ and R″″ is independently selected from H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein R 1 is 2-pyridyl.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein X is S, S(O), SO 2 ; O, N(C 1 -C 3 alkyl), or a bond.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein X is CH 2 .
5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein R 2 is —Y—R 5 .
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein Y is C 1 -C 8 alkylene.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein R 5 is independently selected from:
(a) phenyl, which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 independently selected R b , and (b) heteroaryl, which contains from 5-10 ring atoms, wherein from 1-4 of the ring atoms is independently selected from N, NH, N(C 1 -C 3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl ring is optionally substituted with from 1-5 independently selected R b .
8. The method of claim 5 , wherein R 5 is phenyl, which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 independently selected R b .
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein R b is C 1 -C 6 alkyl or halo.
10. The method of claim 8 , wherein R 5 has the following formula:
wherein 1, 2, or 3 of R 52 , R 53 , R 54 , R 55 , and R 56 is/are an independently selected R b , and the others are hydrogen.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein one of R 52 and R 56 is R b , and the other of R 52 and R 56 is an independently selected R b and/or R 54 is an independently selected R b .
12. The method according to claim 10 , wherein each occurrence of R b is an independently selected C 1 -C 6 alkyl, a fluoro, or a chloro.
13. The method according to claim 8 , wherein R 5 is:
2-methylphenyl,
2-chlorophenyl,
2, 6-dimethylphenyl,
2, 4-dimethylphenyl,
2, 6-dichlorophenyl,
2-fluorophenyl,
2,4-difluorophenyl,
3-chlorophenyl,
2,4,6,-trimethylphenyl,
2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl,
2,3-dichlorophenyl,
2,4-dichlorophenyl,
2,5-dichlorophenyl,
2,6-difluorophenyl,
2,4,6,-trifluorophenyl,
4-fluorophenyl,
2-chloro-4-fluorophenyl,
3 -methylphenyl,
2-azido-4-(hex-5-yn-1 -yloxy)phenyl,
6-methylpyridin-2-yl,
isopropyl, or
4-methylphenyl.
14. The method according to claim 1 , wherein R 2 is C 9 -C 12 aryl-cycloalkyl, wherein the aryl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-5 independently selected R b .
15. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the compound of formula (I) is selected from the group consisting of:
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the disease, disorder, or condition is selected from the group consisting of: ischemic stroke, epilepsy, trauma, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, mesial temporal sclerosis, Huntington's disease, and AIDS dementia complex.