Bimetallic catalysts for CO
The invention relates to a ligand that may be used to create a catalyst including a coordination complex is formed by the addition of two metals; Cp, Cp* or an unsubstituted or substituted π-arene; and two coordinating solvent species or solvent molecules. The bimetallic catalyst may be used in the hydrogenation of CO 2 to form formic acid and/or salts thereof, and in the dehydrogenation of formic acid and/or salts thereof to form H 2 and CO 2 .
1. A ligand represented by formula I below:
wherein X is independently OH, SH, or NH 2 .
2. The ligand of claim 1 , wherein X is OH.
3. A catalyst of formula II below:
wherein:
X is independently OH, SH, or NH 2 ;
M independently represents Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Rh, Ir, Fe, Ru, or Os;
Y independently represents a coordinating solvent species or solvent molecule selected from the group consisting of halide, water, hydroxyl, carbonyl, acetonitrile, dimethylformamide, and dimethylsulfoxide;
L independently represents Cp, Cp*, or an unsubstituted or substituted n-arene;
m and c independently represent integers from 1 to 6;
n represents 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, or +6;
a represents an integer from 0 to 6;
B represents an anion; and
m×n=a×c.
4. The catalyst of claim 3 , wherein X is OH.
5. The catalyst of claim 3 , wherein M is Ir.
6. The catalyst of claim 3 , wherein Y is Cl.
7. The catalyst of claim 3 , wherein L is Cp, Cp*, benzene, or cymene.
8. A method of hydrogenating CO 2 to form formic acid and/or a salt thereof comprising reacting CO 2 and H 2 in water in the presence of a catalyst of formula II below and a base:
wherein:
X is independently OH, SH, or NH 2 ;
M independently represents Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Rh, Ir, Fe, Ru, or Os;
Y independently represents a coordinating solvent species or solvent molecule selected from the group consisting of halide, water, hydroxyl, carbonyl, acetonitrile, dimethylformamide, and dimethylsulfoxide;
L independently represents Cp, Cp*, or an unsubstituted or substituted n-arene;
m and c independently represent integers from 1 to 6;
n represents 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, or +6;
a represents an integer from 0 to 6;
B represents an anion; and
m×n=a×c.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the reaction occurs at ambient pressure and ambient temperature.
10. The method of claim 8 , wherein the reaction occurs between a minimum of 0 MPa and a maximum of 100 MPa.
11. The method of claim 8 , wherein the reaction occurs between a minimum of 0° C. and a maximum of 200° C.
12. The method of claim 8 , wherein X is OH.
13. The method of claim 8 , wherein M is Ir.
14. The method of claim 8 , wherein Y is Cl.
15. The method of claim 8 , wherein L is Cp, Cp*, benzene, or cymene.
16. The method of claim 8 , wherein the reaction occurs in the absence of organic additives.
17. The method of claim 8 , wherein the reaction occurs at a minimum pH of 5.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the reaction occurs at a maximum pH of 10.
19. A method of dehydrogenating formic acid and/or a salt thereof to form H 2 and CO 2 comprising reacting formic acid and/or a salt thereof in the presence of a catalyst of formula II below:
wherein:
X is independently OH, SH, or NH 2 ;
M independently represents Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Rh, Ir, Fe, Ru, or Os;
Y independently represents a coordinating solvent species or solvent molecule selected from the group consisting of halide, water, hydroxyl, carbonyl, acetonitrile, dimethylformamide, and dimethylsulfoxide;
L independently represents Cp, Cp*, or an unsubstituted or substituted n-arene;
m and c independently represent integers from 1 to 6;
n represents 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, or +6;
a represents an integer from 0 to 6;
B represents an anion; and
m×n=a×c.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein X is OH.
21. The method of claim 19 , wherein M is Ir.
22. The method of claim 19 , wherein Y is Cl.
23. The method of claim 19 , wherein L is Cp, Cp*, benzene, or cymene.
24. The method of claim 19 , wherein the reaction occurs at ambient pressure and ambient temperature.
25. The method of claim 19 , wherein the reaction occurs between a minimum of 0° C. and a maximum of 200° C.
26. The method of claim 19 , wherein the reaction occurs between a minimum of 0 MPa and a maximum of 100 MPa.
27. The method of claim 19 , wherein the reaction occurs in the absence of organic additives.
28. The method of claim 19 , wherein the reaction occurs at a maximum pH of 8.
29. A method of reversibly storing hydrogen, the method comprising the steps of:
a) providing H 2 and CO 2 in water;
b) adjusting the pH to a minimum of 5 at a temperature and pressure sufficient to produce formic acid and/or a salt thereof; and
c) adjusting the pH to a maximum of 8 at a temperature and pressure sufficient to dehydrogenate the formic acid and/or a salt thereof to produce H 2 and CO 2 ; wherein steps b) and c) are conducted in the presence of a catalyst of formula II below:
wherein:
X is independently OH, SH, or NH 2 ;
M independently represents Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Rh, Ir, Fe, Ru, or Os;
Y independently represents a coordinating solvent species or solvent molecule selected from the group consisting of halide, water, hydroxyl, carbonyl, acetonitrile, dimethylformamide, and dimethylsulfoxide;
L independently represents Cp, Cp*, or an unsubstituted or substituted n-arene;
m and c independently represent integers from 1 to 6;
n represents 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, or +6;
a represents an integer from 0 to 6;
B represents an anion; and
m×n=a×c.
30. The method according to claim 29 , wherein steps a), b), and c) are conducted in a closed reaction vessel.
31. The method according to claim 30 , wherein steps b) and c) are repeated.
32. The method of claim 29 , wherein X is OH.
33. The method of claim 29 , wherein M is Ir.
34. The method of claim 29 , wherein Y is Cl.
35. The method of claim 29 , wherein L is Cp, Cp*, benzene, or cymene.
36. The method according to claim 30 , wherein step b) occurs at ambient pressure and ambient temperature.
37. The method according to claim 30 , wherein the pH in step b) is adjusted to a maximum of 10.
38. The method according to claim 37 , wherein the pH in step b) is adjusted to about 8.
39. The method according to claim 29 occurring in the absence of organic additives.
40. The method according to claim 31 , wherein the temperature in step c) is adjusted to between a minimum of 0° C. and a maximum of 200° C.