Heating plasma for fusion power using neutral beam injection
In one embodiment, a fusion reactor includes two internal magnetic coils suspended within an enclosure, a center magnetic coil coaxial with the two internal magnetic coils and located proximate to a midpoint of the enclosure, a plurality of encapsulating magnetic coils coaxial with the internal magnetic coils, and two mirror magnetic coil coaxial with the internal magnetic coils. The fusion reactor further includes one or more heat injectors operable to inject a beam of neutral particles toward the center of the enclosure.
1. A confinement system comprising:
an enclosure comprising:
a first end and a second end that is opposite from the first end; and
a midpoint that is substantially equidistant between the first and second ends of the enclosure;
two internal magnetic coils suspended within an interior of the enclosure and co-axial with a center axis of the enclosure, the two internal magnetic coils each having a toroidal shape;
a plurality of encapsulating magnetic coils co-axial with the center axis of the enclosure, the encapsulating magnetic coils having a larger diameter than the internal magnetic coils;
a center magnetic coil co-axial with the center axis of the enclosure and located proximate to the midpoint of the enclosure;
one or more heat injectors coupled to the enclosure; and
two mirror magnetic coils co-axial with the center axis of the enclosure;
wherein the magnetic coils are operable, when supplied with electrical currents, to form magnetic fields for confining plasma within a magnetic sheath inside the enclosure, the magnetic sheath configured to allow recirculation of plasma between edges of adjacent cusps formed within the enclosure;
wherein each of the one or more heat injectors is operable to inject a beam of neutral particles into the enclosure through the magnetic sheath; and
wherein the center magnetic coil is disposed outside the interior of the enclosure.
2. The confinement system of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the one or more heat injectors is aligned substantially perpendicular to the center axis of the enclosure.
3. The confinement system of claim 2 , wherein the at least one of the one or more heat injectors aligned substantially perpendicular to the center axis of the enclosure is operable to inject a circular-shaped beam of neutral particles into the enclosure.
4. The confinement system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one of the one or more heat injectors is aligned at an angle different from ninety degrees from the center axis and operable to inject an non-circular, elliptical-shaped beam of neutral particles into the enclosure.
5. The confinement system of claim 1 , wherein the one or more heat injectors are operable to focus the beam of neutral particles toward a focal point within the enclosure.
6. The confinement system of claim 1 , wherein the one or more heat injectors are operable to cause the beam of neutral particles to diverge as it propagates in the enclosure based on one or more of an alignment of the one or more heat injectors, a shape of the beam of neutral particles, and a beam energy of the beam of neutral particles injected by the one or more heat injectors.
7. A confinement system comprising:
two internal magnetic coils suspended within an interior of an enclosure;
a center magnetic coil coaxial with the two internal magnetic coils and located proximate to a midpoint of the enclosure;
a plurality of encapsulating magnetic coils coaxial with the internal magnetic coils, the magnetic coils being operable, when energized, to preserve the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) stability of the fusion reactor by maintaining a magnetic sheath within the enclosure that prevents plasma within the enclosure from expanding, wherein the magnetic sheath is configured to allow recirculation of plasma between edges of adjacent cusps formed within the enclosure;
two mirror magnetic coil coaxial with the internal magnetic coils; and
one or more heat injectors operable to inject a beam of neutral particles toward the center of the enclosure through the magnetic sheath;
wherein the center magnetic coil is disposed outside the interior of the enclosure.
8. The confinement system of claim 7 , wherein at least one of the one or more heat injectors is substantially perpendicular to a center axis of the enclosure.
9. The confinement system of claim 8 , wherein the at least one of the one or more heat injectors aligned substantially perpendicular to the center axis is operable to inject a circular-shaped beam of neutral particles into the enclosure.
10. The confinement system of claim 7 , wherein the at least one of the one or more heat injectors are aligned at an angle different from ninety degrees from a center axis of the enclosure and operable to inject a non-circular, elliptical-shaped beam of neutral particles into the enclosure.
11. The confinement system of claim 7 , wherein the one or more heat injectors are operable to focus the beam of neutral particles toward a focal point within the enclosure.
12. The confinement system of claim 7 , wherein the one or more heat injectors are operable to cause the beam of neutral particles to diverge as it propagates in the enclosure based on one or more of an alignment of the one or more heat injectors, a shape of the beam of neutral particles, and a beam energy of the beam of neutral particles injected by the one or more heat injectors.
13. A method comprising:
energizing two internal magnetic coils suspended within an interior of an enclosure;
energizing a center magnetic coil coaxial with the two internal magnetic coils and located proximate to a midpoint of the enclosure;
energizing a plurality of encapsulating magnetic coils coaxial with the internal magnetic coils, the magnetic coils being operable, when energized, to preserve the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) stability of the fusion reactor by maintaining a magnetic sheath within the enclosure that prevents plasma within the enclosure from expanding, wherein the magnetic sheath is configured to allow recirculation of plasma between edges of adjacent cusps formed within the enclosure;
energizing two mirror magnetic coil coaxial with the internal magnetic coils; and
injecting a beam of neutral particles toward the center of the enclosure;
wherein the center magnetic coil is disposed outside the interior of the enclosure.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein injecting the beam of neutral particles toward the center of the enclosure increases the average energy of the plasma confined within the magnetic sheath.
15. The method of claim 13 , wherein injecting the beam of neutral particles toward the center of the enclosure comprises forming fully ionized plasma in the enclosure during a start-up phase.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein injecting the beam of neutral particles toward the center of the enclosure comprises injecting at least partially ionized plasma.
17. The method of claim 15 , wherein the beam of neutral particles comprises deuterium particles.
18. The confinement system of claim 1 , wherein the two mirror magnetic coils comprise a first mirror magnetic coil and a second mirror magnetic coil disposed on opposite sides of the center magnetic coil.
19. The confinement system of claim 1 , further comprising:
a center coil system configured to supply first electrical currents flowing in a first direction through the center magnetic coil;
an internal coil system configured to supply second electrical currents flowing in a second direction through each of the two internal magnetic coils;
an encapsulating coil system configured to supply third electrical currents flowing in the first direction through each of the plurality of encapsulating magnetic coils; and
a mirror coil system configured to supply fourth electrical currents flowing in the first direction through each of the two mirror magnetic coils.
20. The confinement system of claim 1 , wherein each of the two internal magnetic coils comprises at least a first shielding surrounding the internal magnetic coil and each of the two internal magnetic coils is suspended within the enclosure by at least one support.