Composite laminate including beta-reinforcing fibers
A composite laminate comprises a plurality of plies of reinforcing fibers. At least some of the plies have reinforcing fibers oriented at ±α with respect to an axis of primary loading, where α is between 2 and 12 degrees. At least some of the plies have reinforcing fibers oriented at ±β with respect to the axis of primary loading, where β is between 50 and 85 degrees.
1. A composite laminate comprising a plurality of plies of reinforcing fibers; at least some of the plies having reinforcing fibers oriented at ±α with respect to an axis of primary loading, where α is between 2 and 12 degrees; at least some of the plies having reinforcing fibers oriented at ±β with respect to the axis of primary loading, where β is between 50 and 85 degrees.
2. The laminate of claim 1 , wherein α is between 2 and 8 degrees.
3. The laminate of claim 1 , wherein α is between 3 and 5 degrees.
4. The laminate of claim 1 , wherein the reinforcing fibers oriented at ±α constitute at least 50% of the total number of fibers.
5. The laminate of claim 1 , further comprising a polymer matrix, wherein the fibers include carbon fibers in a polymer matrix.
6. The laminate of claim 1 , wherein all fibers in the laminate consist of the fibers oriented at ±α and ±β; and wherein 20-30% of the total fibers are oriented at ±β to reach bearing strength levels similar to traditional 0/+45/−45/90 degree hard laminates.
7. A system comprising the laminate of claim 1 .
8. A composite beam comprising plies of α-reinforcing fibers oriented at ±α with respect to an axis of primary loading, where α is between 2 and 12 degrees; and plies having β-reinforcing fibers oriented at ±β with respect to the axis of primary loading, where β is between 50 and 85 degrees.
9. The beam of claim 8 , including a base and a web, at least one of the base and web including the plies of the α-reinforcing and the plies of the β-reinforcing fibers, at least 50% of the reinforcing fibers being the α-reinforcing fibers.
10. The beam of claim 8 , wherein the base has fastener apertures, whereby the α-reinforcing fibers in the base are oriented at ±α degrees to suppress or delay splitting caused by the fastener apertures.
11. The beam of claim 8 , wherein α is between 2 and 8 degrees.
12. The beam of claim 8 , wherein α is between 3 and 5 degrees.
13. The beam of claim 9 , wherein the β-reinforcing fibers are biased towards outer surfaces of the webs to increase stiffness in buckling and transverse bending.
14. The beam of claim 8 , further comprising a polymer matrix; wherein the α-reinforcing and the β-reinforcing fibers include carbon fibers embedded in the polymer matrix.
15. A system comprising the beam of claim 8 .
16. A system comprising a beam including a base and a web, the web including plies of reinforcing fibers for providing strength in tension and compression along an axis of primary loading, the web also including plies of reinforcing fibers oriented at ±β degrees with respect to the axis of primary loading, where β is between 50 and 85 degrees, wherein the fibers oriented at ±β degrees are biased towards outer surfaces of the web to increase stiffness in buckling and transverse loading.
17. The system of claim 16 , wherein the reinforcing fibers for providing strength in tension and compression are oriented at ±α with respect to the axis of primary loading, where α is between 2 and 12 degrees.
18. The system of claim 16 , wherein the reinforcing fibers are carbon fibers embedded in a polymer matrix.
19. The system of claim 16 , wherein the reinforcing fibers oriented at ±β degrees are biased towards an outer surface of the web to increase stiffness in buckling and transverse bending.
20. The system of claim 16 , wherein α is between 3 and 5 degrees.