Long cycle life lithium sulfur electrochemical cells
A sulfur-based cathode for use in an electrochemical cell is disclosed. The sulfur is sequestered to the cathode to enhance cycle lifetime for the cathode and the cell. An exemplary sulfur-based cathode is coupled with a solid polymer electrolyte instead of a conventional liquid electrolyte. The dry, solid polymer electrolyte further acts as a diffusion barrier for the sulfur. Together with a sequestering matrix in the cathode, the solid polymer electrolyte prevents sulfur capacity fade that occurs in conventional liquid electrolyte based sulfur systems. The sequestering polymer in the cathode further binds the sulfur-containing active particles, preventing sulfur agglomerates from forming, while still allowing lithium ions to be transported between the anode and cathode.
1. An electrode comprising:
sulfur-containing active material comprising sulfur covalently bonded polyphenylene vinylene;
an electronically conducting material; and
a first solid polymer electrolyte;
wherein the sulfur-containing active material, the electronically conducting material, and the first solid polymer electrolyte are all mixed together to form an electrode active film.
2. The electrode of claim 1 wherein the electronically conductive material comprises one or more selected from the group consisting of carbon black, graphite, conductive carbons, and conductive polymers.
3. The electrode of claim 1 wherein the electronically conductive material comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of polythiophene, polyphenylene vinylene, polypyrrole, polyphenylene sulfide, and cyclized polyacrylonitrile.
4. The electrode of claim 1 wherein the electrode is a cathode and is adapted for use with an anode comprising Li metal.
5. The electrode of claim 1 , further comprising a current collector adjacent to the electrode active film.
6. The electrode of claim 1 wherein the electrode contains no fluorinated polymers.
7. The electrode of claim 1 wherein the first solid polymer electrolyte further comprises at least one lithium salt.
8. The electrode of claim 1 wherein the first solid polymer electrolyte comprises a block copolymer.
9. The electrode of claim 4 wherein the block copolymer is either a diblock copolymer or a triblock copolymer.
10. The electrode of claim 9 wherein a first block of the block copolymer is ionically conductive and is selected from the group consisting of polyethers, polyamines, polyimides, polyamides, alkyl carbonates, polynitriles, polysiloxanes, polyphosphazines, polyolefins, polydienes, and combinations thereof.
11. The electrode of claim 9 wherein a first block of the block copolymer comprises an ionically-conductive comb polymer, which comb polymer comprises a backbone and pendant groups.
12. The electrode of claim 11 wherein the backbone comprises one or more selected from the group consisting of polysiloxanes, polyphosphazines, polyethers, polydienes, polyolefins, polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, and combinations thereof.
13. The electrode of claim 11 wherein the pendants comprise one or more selected from the group consisting of oligoethers, substituted oligoethers, nitrile groups, sulfones, thiols, polyethers, polyamines, polyimides, polyamides, alkyl carbonates, polynitriles, other polar groups, and combinations thereof.
14. The electrode of claim 9 wherein a second block of the block copolymer is selected from the group consisting of polystyrene, hydrogenated polystyrene, polymethacrylate, poly(methyl methacrylate), polyvinylpyridine, polyvinylcyclohexane, polyimide, polyamide, polypropylene, polyolefins, poly(t-butyl vinyl ether), poly(cyclohexyl methacrylate), poly(cyclohexyl vinyl ether), poly(t-butyl vinyl ether), polyethylene, fluorocarbons, polyvinylidene fluoride, and copolymers that contain styrene, methacrylate, and/or vinylpyridine.
15. An electrochemical cell comprising
a cathode comprising the electrode of claim 1 ;
an anode comprising lithium; and
a second solid polymer electrolyte positioned between the cathode and the anode and providing ionic communication there between.
16. The cell of claim 15 wherein the anode comprises a lithium metal film that has a single ion conductor coating whose thickness is less than 5 um.
17. The cell of claim 15 wherein the cathode comprises between about 30% and 80% sulfur by weight.
18. The cell of claim 15 wherein the first solid polymer electrolyte and the second solid polymer electrolyte are the same.
19. The cell of claim 15 wherein the cathode contains no fluorinated polymers.