Miniaturized, automated in-vitro tissue bioreactor

1. A system, comprising:

a bioreactor coupled to a substrate, the bioreactor comprising:

a plurality of walls defining a reservoir;

a plurality of fluidic channels in at least some of the walls;

a fluidic inlet in fluidic communication with the reservoir via the fluidic channels;

a fluidic outlet in fluidic communication with the reservoir via the fluidic channels; and

a plurality of sensors coupled to the reservoir, at least some of the sensors each independently comprising a ring characterized by a diameter in a range from about 30 μm to about 90 μm, and each of the sensors being independently configured to monitor either or both of:

environmental conditions in the reservoir; and

physiological conditions of one or more cells when the one or more cells are present in the reservoir, wherein monitoring the physiological conditions of the one or more cells comprises: monitoring an individual morphology of some or all of the one or more cells, monitoring a population morphology of the one or more cells, monitoring an osmolarity of some or all of the one or more cells, monitoring an expression of one or more proteins by the one or more cells, and/or monitoring an expression of one or more nucleic acids by the one or more cells; and

a base plate coupled to the substrate, the base plate comprising:

a plurality of concentric depressions, at least one of the depressions being configured to engage the substrate, an outermost of the depressions being configured to engage a control board of the bioreactor, and an innermost of the depressions comprising a hole in the base plate;

a groove extending from the innermost of the depressions to the outermost of the depressions, the groove being configured to facilitate placing and/or removing components of the bioreactor into the base plate; and

a plurality of locking mechanisms configured to secure the bioreactor to the base plate; and

wherein the reservoir is arranged to receive at least media and the one or more cells directly from the fluidic channels.

2. The system as recited in claim 1 , wherein the sensors comprise:

optical sensors configured to detect one or more optical conditions within the reservoir;

mechanical sensors configured to detect one or more mechanical forces acting on contents of the reservoir;

electrical sensors configured to detect one or more electrical forces acting on contents of the reservoir; and

sensors comprising a material selected from the group consisting of: indium oxide, and activated iridium oxide.

3. The system as recited in claim 2 , wherein the mechanical forces are selected from the group consisting of: shear stress, surface tension, and

physical strain on the one or more cells; and

wherein the optical conditions comprise detecting an amount of light emitted by the one or more cells, wherein the light is characterized by a predetermined wavelength.

4. The system as recited in claim 1 , comprising a plurality of the bioreactors, wherein the bioreactors are coupled to the substrate; and

a control board configured to:

facilitate communication between the system and a processor; and

independently control the bioreactors, wherein controlling the bioreactors comprises: controlling delivery of media to the reservoirs of the bioreactors, controlling delivery of cells to the reservoirs of the bioreactors, controlling a temperature of the reservoirs of the bioreactors, and controlling a gas composition of the reservoirs of the bioreactors.

5. The system as recited in claim 1 , further comprising:

a plurality of openings in one of the walls, the openings configured to facilitate: adding one or more of cells and reagents directly to the reservoir via the fluidic channels, removing one or more of cells and reagents directly from the reservoir via the fluidic channels, and transferring fluid directly between the reservoir and another reservoir via the fluidic channels; and

a plurality of plugs, each plug being adapted to engage one of the openings and selectively control gas exchange and material exchange between the reservoir and an environment external to the reservoir.

6. The system as recited in claim 1 , wherein the fluidic inlet, the fluidic outlet, and the reservoir are configured to mix one or more fluids in the reservoir.

7. The system as recited in claim 1 , wherein the substrate comprises an optically transparent viewing window configured to transmit optical information from the reservoir.

8. The system as recited in claim 1 , further comprising: a gas-source in communication with the reservoir via a plurality of gas exchange channels formed in at least one of the walls.

9. The system as recited in claim 1 , wherein the walls comprise either or both of: dielectrics, and spin-on-glass.

10. The system as recited in claim 1 , further comprising a heat source in thermal communication with the reservoir, the heat source comprising:

a heating chamber comprising temperature control, the heating chamber surrounding the bioreactor.

11. The system as recited in claim 1 , further comprising integrated electronics configured to perform environmental control, fluidic processing and control, sensing and stimulating cells functionalities.

12. The system as recited in claim 1 , wherein the sensors further comprise a planar array of the sensors characterized by an inter-sensor spacing in a range from 100 μm to 500 μm.

13. A method, comprising:

delivering media to the reservoir of the bioreactor of the system as recited in claim 1 ;

delivering a plurality of cells to the reservoir, wherein at least some of the cells are disposed onto one or more of the plurality of sensors coupled to the bioreactor;

controlling a temperature and a gas composition within the reservoir;

using one or more of the plurality of sensors to monitor either or both of:

the environmental conditions in the reservoir; and

the physiological conditions of at least some of the cells when the one or more cells are present in the reservoir; and

communicating the monitored environmental conditions and/or the monitored physiological conditions to an external device.

14. The system as recited in claim 1 , wherein at least some of the sensors are present in the form of one or more nanowires arranged in a three-dimensional matrix throughout the reservoir.

15. The system as recited in claim 1 , wherein the ring is configured to facilitate at least some of the one or more cells nestling in an interior region of each respective ring structure.

16. The system as recited in claim 1 , wherein the sensors are configured to electrically stimulate the one or more cells when the one or more cells are present in the reservoir.

17. The system as recited in claim 1 , wherein the fluidic inlet and the fluidic outlet are offset from one another in three spatial dimensions to facilitate forming a vortex effect in the reservoir.

18. The system as recited in claim 1 , further comprising:

a gas-source in communication with the reservoir via a plurality of channels in at least one of the walls; and

a heat source in thermal communication with the reservoir, the heat source comprising either or both of:

a resistive heater embedded in the substrate; and

a heating chamber comprising temperature control, the heating chamber surrounding the bioreactor; and

wherein the sensors are arranged in a three-dimensional pattern.

19. The system as recited in claim 4 , wherein the control board comprises:

a printed circuit board having a central region configured to facilitate optical observation of the one or more cells when the one or more cells are present in the reservoir;

a plurality of omnetics connectors configured to couple the control board to an external device and communicate operational instructions between the bioreactor and the external device; and

a plurality of electrical interconnect pads configured to facilitate communicating operational instructions between the sensors coupled to the reservoir and the external device.

20. The system as recited in claim 1 , wherein the sensors comprise a material selected from the group consisting of: indium oxide and activated iridium oxide.

21. The system as recited in claim 1 , wherein at least some of the sensors further comprise a functionalized self-assembled monolayer selectively patterned onto a surface of the sensors.

22. The system as recited in claim 1 , wherein at least some of the sensors are functionalized to detect one or more chemicals of interest; and wherein the functionalization comprises inclusion of dopamine sensors.