Modulators of aldehyde dehydrogenase and methods of use thereof

1. A method of treating an ALDH-mediated disorder comprising administering to individual in need thereof a compound of Formula I:

or a pro-drug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, an analog, or a derivative thereof,

wherein:

X n and X y are each independently H, C, N, O, or a halogen;

n is the integer 0 or 1;

y is the integer 0 or 1;

(dotted line) is an optional bond; where z is the integer 1, or 2;

is an optional double bond;

each of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , and R 10 is independently selected from H; C; N; O; a halo; a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group; an alkyl group; a substituted alkyl group; an alkenyl group; an alkynyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted alicyclic group; a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group; a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group; and a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group;

A is C or S; and where a=1 when A=C; and where a=2 when A=S;

X b is C, N, O, or S; where b is the integer 0 or 1;

X c is C, N, O, or S; where c is the integer 0 or 1;

X d is C, N, O, or S; where d is the integer 0 or 1; and

Ar is selected from an unsubstituted polycyclic group, a substituted hetero polycyclic group, and an unsubstituted hetero polycyclic group.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound is a compound of Formula Ia:

or a pro-drug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, an analog, or a derivative thereof,

wherein:

z is the integer 1 or 2;

A is C or S, and where a=1 when A=C; and where a=2 when A=S;

R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 are each independently selected from H; a halo; an alkyl group; a substituted alkyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group; and a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl group;

c is the integer 0 or 1;

X d is C, N, O, or S; where d is the integer 0 or 1; and

Ar is selected from an unsubstituted polycyclic group, a substituted hetero polycyclic group, and an unsubstituted hetero polycyclic group.

3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the compound has a structure selected from:

or a pro-drug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, an analog, or a derivative thereof.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound is a compound of Formula Ib:

or a pro-drug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, an analog, or a derivative thereof,

wherein:

X n and X y are each independently H, C, N, O, or a halogen;

n is the integer 0 or 1;

y is the integer 0 or 1;

(dotted line) is an optional bond;

z is the integer 1 or 2; and

Ar is selected from an unsubstituted polycyclic group, a substituted hetero polycyclic group, and an unsubstituted hetero polycyclic group.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound is a compound of Formula Ic:

or a pro-drug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, an analog, or a derivative thereof,

wherein:

X n and X y are each independently H, C, N, O, or a halogen;

n is the integer 0 or 1;

y is the integer 0 or 1;

(dotted line) is an optional bond;

z is the integer 1 or 2; and

Ar is selected from an unsubstituted polycyclic group, a substituted hetero polycyclic group, and an unsubstituted hetero polycyclic group.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound is a compound of Formula Id:

or a pro-drug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, an analog, or a derivative thereof,

wherein:

X n and X y are each independently H, C, N, O, or a halogen;

n is the integer 0 or 1;

y is the integer 0 or 1;

(dotted line) is an optional bond;

z is the integer 1 or 2;

A is C or S, and where a=1 when A=C; and where a=2 when A=S;

X c is C, N, O, or S; where c is the integer 0 or 1;

R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from H; a halo an alkyl group; a substituted alkyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group; and a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl group; and

R 3 is selected from an unsubstituted polycyclic group, a substituted hetero polycyclic group, and an unsubstituted hetero polycyclic group.

7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the compound has a structure selected from:

or a pro-drug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, an analog, or a derivative thereof.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound is a compound of Formula Ie:

or a pro-drug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, an analog, or a derivative thereof,

wherein:

X n and X y are each independently H, C, N, O, or a halogen;

n is the integer 0 or 1;

y is the integer 0 or 1;

(dotted line) is an optional bond;

z is the integer 1 or 2;

X b is C, N, O, or S; where b is the integer 0 or 1;

R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are each independently selected from H; a halo; an alkyl group; a substituted alkyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group; and a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl group; and

R 5 is selected from a substituted polycyclic group, an unsubstituted polycyclic group, a substituted hetero polycyclic group, and an unsubstituted hetero polycyclic group.

9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the compound has a structure selected from:

or a pro-drug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, an analog, or a derivative thereof.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound is a compound of Formula If:

or a pro-drug, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, an analog, or a derivative thereof,

wherein:

X n and X y are each independently H, C, N, O, or a halogen;

n is the integer 0 or 1;

y is the integer 0 or 1;

(dotted line) is an optional bond;

z is the integer 1 or 2;

is an optional double bond;

A is C or S, and wherein a=1 when A=C; and wherein a=2 when A=S;

R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 and R 5 are each independently selected from H; —OH; a halo; an alkyl group; a substituted alkyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group; and a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl group;

X c is C, N, O, or S; wherein c is the integer 0 or 1;

X d is C, N, O, or S; wherein d is the integer 0 or 1; and

Ar is selected from an unsubstituted polycyclic group, a substituted hetero polycyclic group, and an unsubstituted hetero polycyclic group.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound of Formula (I) further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the administration reduces a level of an aldehyde present at a toxic level in an individual to below the toxic level.

13. The method of claim 11 , wherein the ALDH-mediated disorder is alcohol intolerance, alcohol addiction, or an alcohol abuse disorder.

14. The method of claim 11 , wherein the disorder is an acute or a chronic free-radical associated disease.

15. The method of claim 11 , wherein the disorder is an ocular disorder in an individual.

16. The method of claim 11 , wherein the disorder is radiation-induced damage to epithelial cells.

17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the administration reduces the likelihood that the individual will develop head and neck cancer.

18. The method of claim 11 , wherein the administration further comprises a cancer chemotherapeutic agent or ionizing radiation,

wherein the compound of Formula (I), the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, and the cancer chemotherapeutic agent, or the compound of Formula (I), the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, and the ionizing radiation, are administered in combined effective amounts to treat cancer.

19. The method of claim 11 , wherein the administration reduces the likelihood that the individual will develop oral cancer or lung cancer.

20. The method of claim 12 , wherein the aldehyde is a biogenic aldehyde or a xenogenic aldehyde.

21. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ALDH-mediated disorder is selected from alcohol intolerance, alcohol addiction, alcohol abuse disorder, methanol poisoning, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether poisoning, and poisoning due to other xenogenic or biogenic aldehyde compounds.

22. The method of claim 11 , wherein the ALDH-mediated disorder is selected from alcohol intolerance, alcohol addiction, alcohol abuse disorder, methanol poisoning, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether poisoning, and poisoning due to other xenogenic or biogenic aldehyde compounds.

23. The method of claim 1 , wherein administering the compound to the individual activates ALDH2 activity in the individual.

24. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ALDH-mediated disorder is Alzheimer's Disease or Parkinson's Disease.

25. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ALDH-mediated disorder is diabetes.