Biphenyl-3-carboxylic acid modulators of beta-3-adrenoreceptor

1. A method of treating of a beta-3-adrenoceptor-mediated disorder in a patient in need of treatment, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound having the structural formula:

wherein each position represented as D has deuterium enrichment of no less than about 10%.

2. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein each position represented as D has deuterium enrichment of no less than about 50%.

3. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein each position represented as D has deuterium enrichment of no less than about 90%.

4. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein each position represented as D has deuterium enrichment of no less than about 98%.

5. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein said disorder is selected from the group consisting of irritable bowel syndrome, motility dysfunction, excessive gastrointestinal secretion, nonspecific diarrhea, neurogenic inflammation, regulation of intraocular pressure, triglyceridemia, atherosclerosis, hyperinsulinemia, depression, muscle wasting, urinary incontinence, wound-healing, and complications associated with diabetes.

6. The method as recited in claim 1 further comprising the administration of an additional therapeutic agent.

7. The method as recited in claim 6 wherein said additional therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors, anti-diabetic agents, hypolipidemic agents, anti-obesity or appetite regulating agents, anti-hypertensive agents, urologicals, urinary antispasmodics, H1 receptor antagonists, H + , K + ATPase inhibitors, and alimentary motility modulators.

8. The method as recited in claim 7 wherein said dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of vildagliptin, saxagliptin, sitagliptin, linagliptin, and alogliptin.

9. The method as recited in claim 7 wherein said anti-diabetic agent is selected from the group consisting of include insulin, insulin derivatives, insulin mimetics, glipizide, glyburide, amaryl, nateglinide, repaglinide, PTP-112, 8B-517955, 8B4195052, 8B-216763, NN-57-05441, NN-57-05445, GW-0791, AGN-194204, T-1095, BAY R3401, metformin, acarbose, GLP-1, exendin-4, DPP728, MK-0431, G8K23A, glitazone, pioglitazone, rosiglitazone, (R)-1-{4-[5-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-oxazol-4-ylmethoxy]-benzenesulfonyl}-2,3-dihydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid, and GI-262570.

10. The method as recited in claim 7 wherein said hypolipidemic agent is selected from the group consisting of lovastatin, pitavastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, cerivastatin, mevastatin, velostatin, fluvastatin, dalvastatin, atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, rivastatin, cholestyramine, fibrates, nicotinic acid, and aspirin.

11. The method as recited in claim 7 wherein said anti-obesity or appetite-regulating agent is selected from the group consisting of phentermine, leptin, bromocriptine, dexamphetamine, amphetamine, fenfluramine, dexfenfluramine, sibutramine, orlistat, dexfenfluramine, mazindol, phentermine, phendimetrazine, diethylpropion, fluoxetine, bupropion, topiramate, diethylpropion, benzphetamine, phenylpropanolamine, ecopipam, ephedrine, and pseudoephedrine.

12. The method as recited in claim 7 wherein said anti-hypertensive agent is selected from the group consisting of ethacrynic acid, furosemide, torsemide, chlorithiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, amiloride, benazepril, captopril, enalapril, fosinopril, lisinopril, moexipril, perinodopril, quinapril, ramipril, trandolapril, digoxin, thiorphan, terteo-thiorphan, SQ29072, SLV306, omapatrilat, sampatrilat, fasidotril, candesartan, eprosartan, irbesartan, losartan, telmisartan, valsartan, aliskiren, terlakiren, ditekiren, RO-66-1132, RO-66-1168, acebutolol, atenolol, betaxolol, bisoprolol, metoprolol, nadolol, propranolol, sotalol, timolol, digoxin, dobutamine, milrinone, amlodipine, bepridil, diltiazem, felodipine, nicardipine, nimodipine, nifedipine, nisoldipine, and verapamil.

13. The method as recited in claim 7 wherein said urological is selected from the group consisting of acetohydroxamic acid, collagen, dimethyl sulfoxide, magnesium hydroxide, pentosan polysulfate, phenazopyridine, phenyl salicylate, succinimide, and botulinum toxin A.

14. The method as recited in claim 7 wherein said urinary antispasmodic is selected from the group consisting of tolterodine, darifenacin, emepronium, flavoxate, fesoterodine, meladrazine, oxybutynin, propiverine, solifenacin, terodiline, and trospium.

15. The method as recited in claim 7 wherein said H1-receptor antagonist is selected from the group consisting of levocetirizine, desloratadine, and fexofenadine, astemizole, terfenadine, loratadine, and cetirizine.

16. The method as recited in claim 7 wherein said H+, K+ ATPase inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of esomeprazole, lansoprazole, omeprazole, pantoprazole, rabeprazole, and tenatoprazole.

17. The method as recited in claim 7 wherein said alimentary motility modulator is selected from the group consisting of tegaserod, alosetron, cilansetron, domperidone, metoclopramide, itopride, cisapride, renzapride, zacopride, octreotide, naloxone, erythromycin, and bethanechol.

18. The method as recited in claim 1 , further resulting in at least one effect selected from the group consisting of:

a. decreased inter-individual variation in plasma levels of said compound or a metabolite thereof as compared to the non-isotopically enriched compound;

b. increased average plasma levels of said compound per dosage unit thereof as compared to the non-isotopically enriched compound;

c. decreased average plasma levels of at least one metabolite of said compound per dosage unit thereof as compared to the non-isotopically enriched compound;

d. increased average plasma levels of at least one metabolite of said compound per dosage unit thereof as compared to the non-isotopically enriched compound; and

e. an improved clinical effect during the treatment in said subject per dosage unit thereof as compared to the non-isotopically enriched compound.

19. The method as recited in claim 1 , further resulting in at least two effects selected from the group consisting of:

a. decreased inter-individual variation in plasma levels of said compound or a metabolite thereof as compared to the non-isotopically enriched compound;

b. increased average plasma levels of said compound per dosage unit thereof as compared to the non-isotopically enriched compound;

c. decreased average plasma levels of at least one metabolite of said compound per dosage unit thereof as compared to the non-isotopically enriched compound;

d. increased average plasma levels of at least one metabolite of said compound per dosage unit thereof as compared to the non-isotopically enriched compound; and

e. an improved clinical effect during the treatment in said subject per dosage unit thereof as compared to the non-isotopically enriched compound.

20. The method as recited in claim 1 , wherein the method effects a decreased metabolism of the compound per dosage unit thereof by at least one polymorphically-expressed cytochrome P 450 isoform in the subject, as compared to the corresponding non-isotopically enriched compound.

21. The method as recited in claim 20 , wherein the cytochrome P 450 isoform is selected from the group consisting of CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP2D6.

22. The method as recited in claim 1 , wherein said compound is characterized by decreased inhibition of at least one cytochrome P 450 or monoamine oxidase isoform in said subject per dosage unit thereof as compared to the non-isotopically enriched compound.

23. The method as recited in claim 22 , wherein said cytochrome P 450 or monoamine oxidase isoform is selected from the group consisting of CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, CYP2A6, CYP2A13, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C18, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, CYP2G1, CYP2J2, CYP2R1, CYP2S1, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP3A5P1, CYP3A5P2, CYP3A7, CYP4A11, CYP4B1, CYP4F2, CYP4F3, CYP4F8, CYP4F11, CYP4F12, CYP4X1, CYP4Z1, CYP5A1, CYP7A1, CYP7B1, CYP8A1, CYP8B1, CYP11A1, CYP11B1, CYP11B2, CYP17, CYP19, CYP21, CYP24, CYP26A1, CYP26B1, CYP27A1, CYP27B1, CYP39, CYP46, CYP51, MAO A , and MAO B .

24. The method as recited in claim 1 , wherein the method reduces a deleterious change in a diagnostic hepatobiliary function endpoint, as compared to the corresponding non-isotopically enriched compound.

25. The method as recited in claim 24 , wherein the diagnostic hepatobiliary function endpoint is selected from the group consisting of alanine aminotransferase (“ALT”), serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (“SGPT”), aspartate aminotransferase (“AST,” “SGOT”), ALT/AST ratios, serum aldolase, alkaline phosphatase (“ALP”), ammonia levels, bilirubin, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (“GGTP,” “γ-GTP,” “GGT”), leucine aminopeptidase (“LAP”), liver biopsy, liver ultrasonography, liver nuclear scan, 5′-nucleotidase, and blood protein.