Lithium-ion battery
A lithium-ion battery having an anode including an array of nanowires electrochemically coated with a polymer electrolyte, and surrounded by a cathode matrix, forming thereby interpenetrating electrodes, wherein the diffusion length of the Li + ions is significantly decreased, leading to faster charging/discharging, greater reversibility, and longer battery lifetime, is described. The battery design is applicable to a variety of battery materials. Methods for directly electrodepositing Cu 2 Sb from aqueous solutions at room temperature using citric acid as a complexing agent to form an array of nanowires for the anode, are also described. Conformal coating of poly-[Zn(4-vinyl-4′methyl-2,2′-bipyridine) 3 ](PF 6 ) 2 by electroreductive polymerization onto films and high-aspect ratio nanowire arrays for a solid-state electrolyte is also described, as is reductive electropolymerization of a variety of vinyl monomers, such as those containing the acrylate functional group. Such materials display limited electronic conductivity but significant lithium ion conductivity. Cathode materials may include oxides, such as lithium cobalt oxide, lithium magnesium oxide, or lithium tin oxide, as examples, or phosphates, such as LiFePO 4 , as an example.
1. A method for electrodepositing a homogeneous, stoichiometric, and crystalline coating of copper antimonide onto the surface of an electrically conducting substrate, comprising:
preparing a solution having a chosen molar concentration of Cu +2 and a chosen molar concentration of Sb +3 in an aqueous solution of having sufficient citric acid present such that precipitation of the Sb +3 does not occur;
increasing the pH of the solution such that a mixture of HCit 2− and Cit 3− species is formed from the citric acid, and the difference between the reduction potential of the Sb +3 to Sb and the reduction potential of Cu +2 to Cu is minimized;
applying a chosen negative potential to the electrically conducting substrate versus an inert electrode having a value such that stoichiometric Cu 2 Sb is electrodeposited onto the substrate.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the chosen molar concentration of Cu +2 is twice the chosen molar concentration of Sb +3 .
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the concentration of citric acid is chosen to be the minimum concentration that will ensure dissolution of Sb +3 .
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the chosen negative potential is between about −0.8 V and about −1.2 V verses a saturated sodium calomel electrode.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the chosen negative potential is approximately −1.05 V verses a saturated sodium calomel electrode.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the chosen negative potential is continuously applied.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the chosen negative potential is applied until a chosen mass of copper antimonide is deposited onto the substrate.
8. The method of claim 6 , wherein the chosen negative potential is constant during the electrodeposition.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the Sb +3 is obtained from dissolution of Sb 2 O 3 .
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the Cu +2 is obtained from dissolution of Cu(NO 3 ) 2 .
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the chosen molar concentration of Sb +3 is approximately 0.05 M.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the chosen concentration of citric acid is between about 0.2 M and about 0.8 M.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the chosen concentration of citric acid is about 0.4 M.
14. The method of claim 11 , wherein the pH of the solution is approximately 6.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrically conducting substrate has a surface comprising complex shapes.
16. The method of claim 1 , further comprising a post-electrodeposition annealing step.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the chosen negative potential is pulsed during the electrodeposition.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein duration and duty cycle of the pulses are separately controlled.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the pulse duration is between about 5 ms and about 50,000 ms.
20. The method of claim 18 , wherein the duty cycle of the pulses is between about 1% and about 99%.