Energy storage flywheel device and system for producing kinetic energy within the storage system
A flywheel energy storage system incorporates various embodiments in design and processing to achieve a very high ratio of energy stored per unit cost. The system uses a high-strength steel rotor rotating in a vacuum envelope. The rotor has a geometry that ensures high yield strength throughout its cross-section using various low-cost quenched and tempered alloy steels. Low-cost is also achieved by forging the rotor in a single piece with integral shafts. A high energy density is achieved with adequate safety margins through a pre-conditioning treatment. The bearing and suspension system utilizes an electromagnet that off-loads the rotor allowing for the use of low-cost, conventional rolling contact bearings over an operating lifetime of several years.
1. A flywheel device comprising:
a housing section;
a rotor disposed within the housing section;
a first bearing housing comprising lower contact bearings and a second bearing housing comprising upper contact bearings disposed between the rotor and a plate;
an off-loading magnet configured to provide a vertical off-loading force that increases a force between the rotor and the upper contact bearings in a vertical direction and reduces a force between the rotor and the lower contact bearings in the vertical direction; and
a strain gauge configured to monitor, in real-time, strain on the rotor resulting from centrifugal forces; and
wherein the strain gauge is bonded to a surface of the rotor and oriented along a direction parallel and tangential to the radial vector, and wherein the strain gauge is configured to wirelessly transmit strain measurements to a receiver located within the housing section.
2. The flywheel device of claim 1 , further comprising angular contact bearings located at ends of a shaft connected to the rotor, wherein the angular contact bearings are configured to provide axial support of the rotor during operation to resist precession-induced loads.
3. The flywheel device of claim 1 , further comprising two or more accelerometers mounted around a periphery of at least one of the first bearing housing or the second bearing housing and configured to measure an imbalance in the rotor.
4. The flywheel device of claim 1 , further comprising a displacement gauge mounted at a base of at least one of the first bearing housing or a base of the second bearing housing and configured to measure dynamic axial motion of the rotor.
5. The flywheel device of claim 1 , further comprising a plurality of acoustic emission sensors located at at least one of the first bearing housing or the second bearing housing and within the housing section to measure sounds within the flywheel device.
6. The flywheel device of claim 1 , further comprising a heater configured to impose a radial temperature gradient on the rotor such that a center of the rotor is at a higher temperature than a periphery of the rotor.
7. The flywheel device of claim 1 , further comprising a seismic isolation component configured to provide seismic isolation for the flywheel device.
8. The flywheel device of claim 7 , wherein the seismic isolation component comprises adjustable feet externally mounted to the housing section and to a flexible pad.
9. The flywheel device of claim 7 , wherein the seismic isolation component comprises a continuous flexible support sheet positioned under a bottom plate of the housing section.
10. The flywheel device of claim 1 , further comprising a plurality of non-contacting displacement sensors located inside a vacuum chamber within which the rotor is disposed, wherein the non-contacting displacement sensors of the plurality are positioned about a periphery of the rotor, and wherein the non-contacting displacement sensors of the plurality are configured to measure a change in radius of the rotor as the rotor spins.
11. The flywheel device of claim 10 , wherein the plurality of non-contacting displacement sensors comprises a plurality of capacitive gauges.
12. The flywheel device of claim 1 , wherein the off-loading magnet comprises an electromagnet.
13. The flywheel device of claim 1 , wherein the off-loading magnet comprises a permanent magnet.
14. The flywheel device of claim 13 , further comprising a remotely-controllable actuator configured to adjust a position of the rotor within the housing section to control an air gap between the rotor and the permanent magnet.
15. The flywheel device of claim 14 , wherein the remotely-controllable actuator comprises a motor-operated worm gear.
16. The flywheel device of claim 15 , further comprising a controller configured to control the remotely-controllable actuator in response to measurements from a load sensor, wherein the load sensor is configured to measure lifting magnet forces.
17. The flywheel device of claim 1 , further comprising an induction motor connected to a continuously variable transmission.
18. The flywheel device of claim 1 , wherein the housing section comprises a top plate, a bottom plate, and a vacuum chamber wall, wherein a first end of the vacuum chamber wall is positioned within a recessed lip of the top plate, and wherein a second end of the vacuum chamber wall is positioned within a recessed lip of the bottom plate.