Audio speaking having an electrostatic membrane pump and methods to use same

1. A method to produce an audio signal from an audio speaker comprising:

(a) applying a first portion of a time varying voltage between a graphene membrane in the audio speaker device and an electrically conductive trace in the audio speaker device to move the graphene membrane in a first direction relative to the electrically conductive trace, wherein

(i) air in a cavity of the audio speaker is exhausted from the cavity through a vent and (ii)

(ii) the electrically conductive trace is located near and apart from the graphene membrane; and

(b) applying a second portion of a time varying voltage between the graphene membrane in the audio speaker device and the electrically conductive trace in the audio speaker device to move the graphene membrane in a second direction relative to the electrically conductive trace, wherein air is drawn in through the vent into the cavity,

wherein the exhausting of the air out of the cavity, the drawing in of the air into the cavity, or both produce the audio signal.

2. An audio speaker comprising:

(a) at least one electrostatic membrane pump, wherein the at least one electrostatic membrane pump has

(i) a graphene membrane with a first cross-sectional area, and

(ii) an electrically conductive trace operable to move the graphene membrane by application of a voltage between the electrically conductive trace and the graphene membrane, wherein the electrically conductive trace is located near and apart from the graphene membrane; and

(b) a vent in fluid communication with the at least one electrostatic membrane pump, wherein

(i) the vent has a second cross-sectional area,

(ii) the first cross-sectional area is larger than the second cross-sectional area, and

(iii) the electrostatic membrane pump is operable to displace fluid through the vent that produces an audio signal.

3. The audio speaker of claim 2 wherein the audio speaker comprises an array of electrostatic membrane pumps.

4. The audio speaker of claim 2 wherein the movement of the graphene membrane is operable to cause a gas to flow in the vent.

5. The audio speaker of claim 4 , wherein the gas is air.

6. The audio speaker of claim 2 , wherein the first cross-sectional area is at least 10 times larger than the second cross-sectional area.

7. The audio speaker of claim 2 , wherein the ratio of the first cross-sectional and second cross-sectional area is between 10 and 100.

8. An audio speaker comprising:

(a) an electrostatic membrane pump, wherein the electrostatic pump comprises

(i) a graphene membrane,

(ii) a gate metal layer, wherein the graphene membrane is electrically connected to the gate metal layer,

(iii) a metallic trace located near and apart from the graphene membrane, wherein the graphene membrane has a portion that is operable to

(A) move toward the metallic trace when a voltage is applied between the graphene membrane and the metallic trace, and

(B) move away from the metallic trace when the voltage is reduced or terminated; and

(b) a vent in fluid communication with the electrostatic membrane pump, wherein the movement of the portion of the graphene membrane is operable for displacing a fluid to produce an audio signal.

9. The audio speaker of claim 8 , wherein the fluid is air.

10. The audio speaker of claim 8 , wherein

(a) the graphene membrane has a first cross-sectional area;

(b) the vent has a second cross-section area; and

(c) the ratio of the first cross-sectional area to the second cross-sectional area is between 10 and 100.

11. An audio speaker comprising:

(a) at least one electrostatic membrane pump, wherein the at least one electrostatic membrane pump has

(i) a graphene membrane, and

(ii) an electrically conductive trace operable to move the graphene membrane by application of a voltage between the electrically conductive trace and the graphene membrane, wherein the electrically conductive trace is located near and apart from the graphene membrane; and

(b) a vent in fluid communication with the at least one electrostatic membrane pump, wherein

(i) the movement of the graphene membrane in a first direction causes a gas to flow in the vent in a second direction,

(ii) the first direction is substantially perpendicular with the second direction, and

(iii) the electrostatic membrane pump is operable to displace fluid through the vent that produces an audio signal.

12. The audio speaker of claim 11 wherein the at least one electrostatic membrane pump comprises an array of electrostatic pumps.

13. The audio speaker of claim 11 wherein the fluid is air.

14. The audio speaker of claim 11 , wherein

(a) the graphene membrane has a first cross-sectional area;

(b) the vent has a second cross-section area; and

(c) the first cross-sectional area is at least 10 times larger than the second cross-sectional area.