Dimeric IAP inhibitors
Molecular mimics of Smac are capable of modulating apoptosis through their interaction with cellular IAPs (inhibitor of apoptosis proteins). The mimetics are based on a monomer or dimer of the N-terminal tetrapeptide of IAP-binding proteins, such as Smac/DIABLO, Hid, Grim and Reaper, which interact with a specific surface groove of IAP. Also disclosed are methods of using these peptidomimetics for therapeutic purposes. In various embodiments of the invention the Smac mimetics of the invention are combined with chemotherapeutic agents, including, but not limited to topoisomerase inhibitors, kinase inhibitors, NSAIDs, taxanes and platinum containing compounds use broader language.
1. A method for inducing apoptosis in a cell comprising contacting the cell with a compound selected from the group consisting of compounds of formula (IV), (V), and (VI) and with TRAIL or another TRAIL receptor agonist, in amounts sufficient to induce apoptosis in the cell
where R5a and R5b are independently H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl; or each optionally-substituted with hydroxyl, mercapto, halogen, amino, carboxyl, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, or alkylthio; or, optionally, R5a and R5b are connected by an alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene bridge of 2 to 12 carbon atoms or an optionally-substituted alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene bridge of 2 to 12 carbon atoms where one or more carbon atoms can be replaced with N, O, or S;
where R7a and R7b are independently H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, haloalkyl; or R8a and R7a and R8b and R7b can independently or together form a ring;
R8a and R8b are independently H, hydroxyl, alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl wherein each alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl is optionally-substituted with halogen, hydroxyl, mercapto, carboxyl, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, and nitro; or R8a and R7a and R8b and R7b independently or together form a ring;
R3a and R3b are independently H, halogen, alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, amino, arylamino, arylalkylamino, hydroxy, alkyloxy, aryloxy, arylalkylhydroxy, dialkylamino, amido, sulfonamido, or amidino;
m and n are independently 0, 1, 2, or 3;
X and Y are independently O, N, S, or C═C and;
R12a, R12b, R13a, R13b, R14a, R14b are, independently, H, Cl, Br, F, alkyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, amino, alkylamino, cyano, or CO 2 H; and
wherein Wa and Wb together are a bond, alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, aryl, arylalkylene, arylalkylalkylene, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkylene, or an optionally-substituted alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene chain of 2 to 12 carbon atoms where one or more carbon atoms can be replaced with N, O, or S; and R11a and R11b are independently absent, H, alkyl, optionally-substituted alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl; or R11a and R11b together form an alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, or alkyloxyalkylene chain of 2 to 12 carbon atoms where one or more carbon atoms can be replaced with N, O, or S;
where R5a and R5b are independently H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl; or each optionally-substituted with hydroxyl, mercapto, halogen, amino, carboxyl, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, or alkylthio; or, optionally, R5a and R5b are connected by an alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene bridge of 2 to 12 carbon or optionally-substituted alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene bridge of 2 to 12 carbon atoms where one or more carbon atoms can be replaced with N, O, or S;
where R7a and R7b are independently H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, haloalkyl; or R8a and R7a and R8b and R7b can independently or together form a ring;
R8a and R8b are independently H, hydroxyl, alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl wherein each alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl is optionally-substituted with halogen, hydroxyl, mercapto, carboxyl, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, and nitro; or R8a and R7a and R8b and R7b can independently or together form a ring:
R3a and R3b are independently H, halogen, alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, amino, arylamino, arylalkylamino, hydroxy, alkyloxy, aryloxy, arylalkylhydroxy, dialkylamino, amido, sulfonamido, or amidino;
m and n are independently 0, 1, 2, or 3; and
R12a, R12b, R13a, R13b, R14a, R14b are independently H, Cl, Br, F, alkyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, amino, alkylamino, cyano, or CO 2 H; and
Wa and Wb together are a bond, alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, aryl, arylalkylene, arylalklylalkylene, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkylene, or an optionally-substituted alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene chain of 2 to 12 carbon atoms where one or more carbon atoms can be replaced with N, O, or S; and R11a and R11b independently H, alkyl, optionally-substituted alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl; or R11a and R11b together form an alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, or alkyloxyalkylene chain of 2 to 12 or optionally-substituted alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene or alkyloxyalkylene chain of 2 to 12 carbon atoms where one or more carbon atoms is replaced with N, O, or S; and
where R5a and R5b are independently H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl; or each optionally-substituted with hydroxyl, mercapto, halogen, amino, carboxyl, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, or alkylthio; or, optionally, R5a and R5b are connected by an alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene bridge of 2 to 12 carbon atoms or optionally-substituted alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene bridge of 2 to 12 carbon atoms where one or more carbon atoms can be replaced with N, O, or S;
where R7a and R7b are independently H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, haloalkyl: or R8a and R7a and R8b and R7b can independently or together form a ring;
R8a and R8b are independently H, hydroxyl, alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl wherein each alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl is optionally-substituted with halogen, hydroxyl, mercapto, carboxyl, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, and nitro; or R8a and R7a and R8b and R7b can independently or together form a ring;
R3a and R3b are independently H, halogen, alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, amino, arylamino, arylalkylamino, hydroxy, alkyloxy, aryloxy, arylalkylhydroxy, dialkylamino, amido, sulfonamido, or amidino;
X is O, N, S, or C═C; and
R12a, R12b, R13a, R13b, R14a, R14b are independently H, CI, Br, F, alkyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, amino, alkylamino, cyano, or CO 2 H; and
wherein Wa is H, Cl, Br, F, alkyl, CN, or CO 2 H; Wb and R11a together are a bond, alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, aryl, arylalkylene, arylalkylalkylene, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkylene, or an optionally-substituted alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene chain of 2 to 12 carbon atoms where one or more carbon atoms is replaced with N, O, or S; and R11b is absent or H, alkyl, optionally-substituted alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl.
2. The method of claim 1 that comprises contacting the cell with a compound selected from the compounds of Formula (IV) wherein
X and Y are both —N—
R3a and R3b are independently H, hydroxy, alkyloxy, aryloxy, alkylamino, dialkylamino, amido, sulfonamido, or amidino;
R5a and R5b are independently methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or arylalkyl, each optionally substituted with alkoxyl or hydroxyl; and
R7a and R7b are independently methyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, ethyl, fluoroethyl, or cycloalkyl.
3. The method of claim 1 that comprises contacting the cell with a compound selected from the compounds of Formula (V) wherein
R3a and R3b are H, hydroxy, alkyloxy, aryloxy, alkylamino, dialkylamino, amido, sulfonamido, or amidino;
R5a and R5b are methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or arylalkyl, each optionally substituted with alkoxyl or hydroxyl;
R7a and R7b are methyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, ethyl, fluoroethyl, or cycloalkyl;
R8a and R8b are independently —H or alkyl;
Wa and Wb are either a bond or
and wherein the substituents R5a and R5b are identical, the substituents R7a and R7b are identical, the substituents R8a and R8b are identical, the substituents R3a and R3b are identical, the substituents R11a and R11b are identical, the substituents R12a and R12b are identical, the substituents R13a and R13b are identical and the substituents R14a and R14b are identical.
4. The method of claim 1 that comprises contacting the cell with a compound selected from the compounds of Formula (VII):
where R5a and R5b are the same and are an alkyl, an alkyl substituted with hydroxyl, or an alkyl substituted with alkoxy;
where R7a and R7b are the same and are alkyl;
where R8a and R8b are the same and are selected from H, or alkyl;
where R3a and R3b are the same and are selected from H, or hydroxy;
where R12a, and R12b are both H;
where R13a and R13b are the same and are selected from H, or F; and
where, R14a and R14b are both H.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein the cell is a bladder cancer cell, breast cancer cell, prostate cancer cell, lung cancer cell, pancreatic cancer cell, gastric cancer cell, colon cancer cell, ovarian cancer cell, renal cancer cell, hepatoma cell, melanoma cell, lymphoma cell, or sarcoma cell, in a patient.