Method and apparatus for distance measuring equipment (DME/normal) using a smoothed concave polygonal pulse shape

1. A method for measuring distance, the method comprising:

transmitting a first RF pulse from an airborne interrogator, wherein the first RF pulse has a first pulse waveform;

receiving, at the airborne interrogator, a second RF pulse transmitted by a ground transponder after the ground transponder has received the first RF pulse transmitted by the airborne interrogator,

wherein the second RF pulse has a second pulse waveform characterized by a smoothed concave hexagonal function formed by:

generating a single pulse having a first segment connected to a second flat segment connected to a third segment connected to a fourth segment connected to a fifth segment, the first segment having a first positive slope, the third segment having a second negative slope, the fourth segment having a third negative slope, and the fifth segment having a fourth negative slope, wherein the third negative slope is steeper than the second negative slope, and

applying a smoothing operation to the single pulse;

determining an elapsed time between transmitting the first RF pulse and receiving the second RF pulse; and

determining a distance between the airborne interrogator and the ground transponder based on at least the elapsed time.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the first positive slope is greater than 0.7 μs −1 .

3. The method of claim 1 wherein the absolute value of the second negative slope is greater than 0.7 μs −1 .

4. The method of claim 1 wherein the absolute value of the third negative slope is less than an absolute value of the fourth negative slope.

5. The method of claim 1 wherein the second RF pulse has a power of more than 800 Watts.

6. The method of claim 1 further comprising:

receiving a third RF pulse transmitted by the ground transponder; and

determining a standard deviation of one or more segments from the second RF pulse and third RF pulse.

7. A method for distance measuring comprising:

transmitting a first RF pulse from an airborne interrogator, wherein the first RF pulse has a first pulse waveform;

receiving, at the airborne interrogator, a second RF pulse transmitted by a ground transponder after the ground transponder has received the first RF pulse transmitted by the airborne interrogator,

wherein the second RF pulse has a second pulse waveform characterized by a smoothed concave polygonal function formed by:

generating a single pulse having a first segment connected to a second flat segment connected to a third segment connected to a fourth segment connected to a fifth segment, the first segment having a first positive slope, the third segment having a second negative slope, the fourth segment having a third negative slope, and the fifth segment having a fourth negative slope, wherein the third negative slope is steeper than the second negative slope, and

applying a smoothing operation to the single pulse;

determining an elapsed time between transmitting the first RF pulse and receiving the second RF pulse; and

determining a distance between the airborne interrogator and the ground transponder based on at least the elapsed time.

8. The method of claim 7 wherein the first pulse waveform comprises the smoothed concave polygonal function.

9. The method of claim 7 wherein the first positive slope is greater than 0.7 μs −1 .

10. The method of claim 7 wherein the absolute value of the second negative slope is greater than 0.7 μs −1 .

11. The method of claim 7 wherein the absolute value of the third negative slope is less than an absolute value of the fourth negative slope.

12. The method of claim 7 wherein the second RF pulse has a power of more than 800 Watts.

13. The method of claim 7 further comprising:

receiving a third RF pulse transmitted by the ground transponder; and

determining a standard deviation of one or more segments from the second RF pulse and third RF pulse.

14. A method of measuring distance, the method comprising:

receiving, at a ground transponder, a first RF pulse transmitted from an airborne interrogator, wherein the first RF pulse has a first pulse waveform; and

generating, at the ground transponder and after receiving the first RF pulse, a second RF pulse, wherein the second RF pulse has a second pulse waveform characterized by a smoothed concave polygonal function formed by:

generating a single pulse having a first segment connected to a second flat segment connected to a third segment connected to a fourth segment connected to a fifth segment, the first segment having a first positive slope, the third segment having a second negative slope, the fourth segment having a third negative slope, and the fifth segment having a fourth negative slope, wherein the third negative slope is steeper than the second negative slope, and

applying a smoothing operation to the single pulse to generate the second RF pulse, and

transmitting the second RF pulse to the airborne interrogator,

wherein the second RF pulse is received by the airborne interrogator, and a distance between the airborne interrogator and the ground transponder is determined based on at least an elapsed time between transmitting the first RF pulse and receiving the second RF pulse.

15. The method of claim 14 wherein the smoothing operation is performed by a moving average filter, a spline filter, or a zero phase forward and backward digital filter.

16. A system for distance measuring comprising:

an airborne interrogator operable to transmit a first RF pulse, wherein the first RF pulse has a first pulse waveform; and

a ground transponder operable to

receive the first RF pulse transmitted by the airborne interrogator,

generate a second RF pulse after receiving the first RF pulse, wherein the second RF pulse has a second pulse waveform characterized by a smoothed concave polygonal function formed by:

generating a single pulse having a first segment connected to a second flat segment connected to a third segment connected to a fourth segment connected to a fifth segment, the first segment having a first positive slope, the third segment having a second negative slope, the fourth segment having a third negative slope, and the fifth segment having a fourth negative slope, wherein the third negative slope is steeper than the second negative slope,

applying a smoothing operation on the single pulse to generate the second RF pulse, and

transmitting the second RF pulse to the airborne interrogator,

wherein the airborne interrogator is further operable to receive the second RF pulse transmitted by the ground transponder, whereby a distance between the airborne interrogator and the ground transponder is determined based on at least an elapsed time between transmitting the first RF pulse and receiving the second RF pulse.

17. The system of claim 16 wherein the airborne interrogator measures a slant range by the elapsed time between transmitting the first RF pulse and receiving the second RF pulse.

18. The system of claim 16 wherein the first RF pulse are transmitted at a power of more than ab-out 800 Watts.

19. The system of claim 16 wherein the first RF pulse or second RF pulse include one or more of the following: a rise time of 1.56 μs, a fall time of 2.30 μs, and pulse width of 3.06 μs.

20. The system of claim 16 wherein the first RF pulse or second RF pulse are enabled to transmit at least 100 nautical miles.