Method of manufacturing a component
A method of manufacturing and measuring the geometry of at least a part of a component, and a method of manufacturing a component, both include providing a powder layer to a melt region; selectively melting the powder layer using an energy source, the melted powder subsequently solidifying to form a solid layer; scanning the melt region, including the solid layer, using a scanning electron beam; detecting backscattered electrons resulting from the interaction of the scanning electron beam with the melt region; determining the geometry of the solid layer from the detected backscattered electrons; and storing data relating to the determined geometry of the solid layer. The methods may also include adjusting parameters of the steps of providing a powder layer and/or selectively melting the powder layer to avoid future recurring errors, or generating a virtual 3-D model of the manufactured component, using the stored data.
1. A method of manufacturing and measuring the geometry of at least a part of a component using additive layer manufacture comprising:
providing a powder layer to a melt region;
selectively melting the powder layer using an energy source, the melted powder subsequently solidifying to form a solid layer;
scanning the melt region, including the solid layer, using a scanning electron beam;
detecting backscattered electrons resulting from the interaction of the scanning electron beam with the melt region;
determining the geometry of the solid layer from the detected backscattered electrons;
storing data relating to the determined geometry of the solid layer;
using the stored data to determine whether the determined geometry has errors that are outside an allowable tolerance of a desired geometry at the same position in two or more different solid layers, such geometry being said to have recurring errors; and
if any such recurring errors are identified, adjusting one or more parameters of the steps of providing a powder layer and/or selectively melting the powder layer so as to avoid future recurring errors at that position.
2. A method of manufacturing and measuring the geometry of at least a part of a component according to claim 1 , further comprising:
comparing the determined geometry of the solid layer with desired geometry of the solid layer; and
deciding whether the determined geometry is within an allowable tolerance of the desired geometry, wherein:
if it is decided that the determined geometry is within the allowable tolerance, repeating the preceding steps for at least one further powder layer.
3. A method of manufacturing and measuring the geometry of at least a part of a component according to claim 2 , further comprising:
if it is decided that the determined geometry is outside the allowable tolerance, deciding whether the determined geometry is correctable so as to become within the allowable tolerance; and
if the determined geometry is deemed to be correctable, the geometry of the solid layer is corrected so as to be within the allowable tolerance before repeating the preceding steps for at least one further powder layer.
4. A method of manufacturing and measuring the geometry of at least a part of a component according to claim 3 , wherein:
if it is decided that the determined geometry is not correctable, no further powder layers are provided and the manufacture of the component stops.
5. A method of manufacturing and measuring the geometry of at least a part of a component according to claim 3 , wherein if the determined geometry is deemed to be correctable, the solid layer is corrected at least in part using the energy source.
6. A method of manufacturing and measuring the geometry of at least a part of a component according to claim 1 , further comprising:
comparing the determined geometry of the solid layer with desired geometry of the solid layer; and
adjusting one or more parameters of the steps of providing a powder layer and/or selectively melting the powder layer on the basis of the comparison such that future manufacturing of the corresponding solid layer of a like component conforms more closely to the desired geometry.
7. A method of manufacturing and measuring the geometry of at least a part of a component according to claim 1 , wherein:
the energy source used to selectively melt the powder layer is a melting electron beam; and
the power of the melting electron beam is greater than the power of the scanning electron beam.
8. A method of manufacturing and measuring the geometry of at least a part of a component according to claim 1 , wherein the powder layer is a metal powder layer and the solid layer is a solid metallic layer.
9. A method of manufacturing and measuring the geometry of at least a part of a component according to claim 1 , further comprising:
identifying defects in the solid layer from detected backscattered electrons.
10. A method of manufacturing a component comprising repeating the steps of claim 1 for multiple powder layers.
11. A method of manufacturing a component according to claim 10 , further comprising generating a virtual 3-D model of the manufactured component using stored data relating to the determined geometry of the solid layers.
12. A method of manufacturing a component according to claim 11 , further comprising:
comparing the virtual 3-D model with desired geometry of the component; and if the virtual 3-D model is determined to be outside an allowable tolerance the desired geometry, deciding whether to scrap the component or correct the component.
13. An additive layer manufacture machine for manufacturing a component comprising:
a powder delivery device configured to deliver successive layers of powder to a melt region;
an energy source configured to selectively melt at least a part of each powder layer so as to produce a solid layer of the component;
an electron beam source configured to generate a scanning electron beam to scan each melt region, including the solid layer;
a backscatter detector configured to receive backscattered electrons resulting from the interaction between the electron beam and the melt region so as to be able to determine the geometry of the solid layer; and
a control unit comprising a processor and memory, the control unit configured to:
store data relating to the determined geometry of the solid layer;
use the stored data to determine whether the determined geometry has errors that are outside an allowable tolerance of a desired geometry at the same position in two or more different solid layers, such geometry being said to have recurring errors; and
if any such recurring errors are identified, adjust one or more parameters of the steps of providing a powder layer and/or selectively melting the powder layer so as to avoid future recurring errors at that position.
14. An additive layer manufacture machine according to claim 13 , wherein the control unit is further configured to execute one or more of the following:
controlling the powder delivery device and/or the energy source and/or the electron beam source;
determining the geometry of the solid layer from the received backscattered electrons;
comparing the determined geometry of the solid layer with desired geometry;
deciding whether the determined geometry is within an allowable tolerance of the desired geometry;
deciding whether the solid layer is correctable if it is outside an allowable tolerance; and
generating a virtual 3-D model of the completed component from the determined geometry of the solid layers, and optionally comparing the geometry of the virtual 3-D model with the desired geometry of the component.
15. An additive layer manufacture machine according to claim 13 , wherein:
the energy source used to selectively melt the powder layer is a melting electron beam; and
the power of the melting electron beam is greater than the power of the scanning electron beam.
16. A component manufactured using a method comprising the steps of claim 1 .
17. A component manufactured using the apparatus of claim 13 .
18. A method of manufacturing a component comprising:
providing a powder layer to a melt region;
selectively melting the powder layer using an energy source, the melted powder subsequently solidifying to form a solid layer;
scanning the melt region, including the solid layer, using a scanning electron beam;
detecting backscattered electrons resulting from the interaction of the scanning electron beam with the melt region;
determining the geometry of the solid layer from the detected backscattered electrons;
storing data relating to the determined geometry of the solid layer;
repeating the steps of providing a powder layer, selectively melting the powder layer, scanning the melt region, detecting backscattered electrons, and storing data relating to the determined geometry for multiple powder layers;
generating a virtual 3-D model of the manufactured component using the stored data relating to the determined geometry of the solid layers; and
comparing the virtual 3-D model with desired geometry of the component, and if the virtual 3-D model is determined to be outside an allowable tolerance the desired geometry, deciding whether to scrap the component or correct the component.
19. A method of manufacturing and measuring the geometry of at least a part of a component according to claim 18 , further comprising:
comparing the determined geometry of the solid layer with desired geometry of the solid layer; and
adjusting one or more parameters of the steps of providing a powder layer and/or selectively melting the powder layer on the basis of the comparison such that future manufacturing of the corresponding solid layer of a like component conforms more closely to the desired geometry.
20. A method of manufacturing and measuring the geometry of at least a part of a component according to claim 18 , wherein:
the energy source used to selectively melt the powder layer is a melting electron beam; and
the power of the melting electron beam is greater than the power of the scanning electron beam.