In vivo visualization and control of patholigical changes in neural circuits

1. A method for measuring and modifying nervous system function, the method comprising:

identifying a target cell population in a nervous system of a living organism, the living organism having a particular disease;

modifying a function of the target cell population by causing cells of the target cell population within the diseased living organism to express a plurality of microbial light-responsive trans-membrane conductance regulators from genetic constructs comprising a transcriptional promoter specific to the target cell population;

after modifying the function of the target cell population in the diseased organism, delivering targeted light to the target cell population in the diseased organism;

modifying a function of the target cell population in one or more additional living organisms by causing cells of the target cell population within the one or more additional living organisms to express the plurality of microbial light-responsive trans-membrane conductance regulators from genetic constructs comprising a transcriptional promoter specific to the target cell population, wherein the one or more additional living organisms do not have the particular disease;

after modifying the function of the target cell population in the one or more additional living organisms, delivering targeted light to the target cell population in the one or more additional living organism;

at a computing system having memory and one or more processors coupled to the memory:

measuring responses of the nervous system of the diseased organism to the targeted light using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), wherein measuring comprises:

acquiring fMRI image frames;

reconstructing the fMRI image frames using a graphics processor (GPU); and

motion correcting the reconstructed fMRI image frames using parallel processing operations of the GPU;

mapping for the diseased organism neural circuit activity locations and timings based on the measured responses of the nervous system;

obtaining neural mapping information from the one or more additional living organisms based on responses of the nervous systems of the one or more additional living organisms to the targeted light;

comparing the mapped neural circuit activity locations and timings with the obtained neural mapping information; and

profiling the particular disease based on the comparison of the identified neural circuit activity and locations with the obtained neural mapping information; and

determining based on the profile one or more therapeutics that combat the particular disease.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the particular disease profile defines disease sub-types based upon the measured responses.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the particular disease profile defines disease progression sub-types based upon timing of measurement acquisitions.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the particular disease profile is defined across a disease progression over time.

5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:

applying a therapeutic of the one or more therapeutics to the diseased living organism; and

measuring a therapeutic efficacy of the applied therapeutic, wherein the therapeutic efficacy is measured across time during therapy-induced modifications.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of microbial light-responsive trans-membrane conductance regulators includes a first subset of light-responsive molecules responsive to a first wavelength of light and a second subset of the light-responsive molecules responsive to a second wavelength of light distinct from the first wavelength;

wherein delivering the targeted light includes delivering light having the first wavelength and delivering light having the second wavelength; and

wherein the response of the target cell population to the first wavelength of light is distinct from the response of the target cell population to the second wavelength of light.

7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the first wavelength of light comprises blue light of approximately 470 nm and the second wavelength of light comprises yellow light of approximately 580 nm.

8. The method of claim 6 , wherein the first subset of light-responsive trans-membrane conductance regulators includes Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) and the second subset of light-responsive trans-membrane conductance regulators includes halorhodopsin (NpHR).

9. The method of claim 6 , wherein delivering the light having the first wavelength and delivering the light having the second wavelength comprises concurrently delivering the light having the first wavelength and the light having the second wavelength.

10. The method of claim 6 , wherein delivering the light having the first wavelength and delivering the light having the second wavelength comprises:

delivering the light having the first wavelength concurrently with the light having the second wavelength; and

delivering the light having the first wavelength without delivering the light having the second wavelength.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein profiling the particular disease includes profiling the particular disease based at least in part on disease and therapeutic assessments.

12. The method of claim 1 , wherein delivering the targeted light to the target cell population comprises controlling a function of the target cell population, and the method further comprises:

applying at least one of the determined one or more therapeutics to the diseased living organism, wherein applying the at least one therapeutic includes applying a drug at least one of:

a time before control of the function of the target cell population,

a time during control of the function of the target cell population, and

a time after control of the function of the target cell population; and

assessing at least one of:

efficacy of the applied drug,

dose amount of the applied drug, and

timing of the application of the applied drug.

13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more determined therapeutics include a neuromodulation; and

wherein at least one of the neuromodulation target cell type, location, frequency, and timing is determined based on the particular disease profile.

14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the neuromodulation is done by electrical stimulation, and wherein delivering the targeted light to the target cell population comprises controlling a function of the target cell population.

15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more therapeutics includes at least one of cell therapy and gene therapy directed to a location identified by the particular disease profile.

16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the responses of the nervous system include seizures or epilepsy.

17. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:

expressing light-responsive molecules in excitatory neurons in a hippocampus of the diseased living organism; and

stimulating in at least one of the hippocampus and a thalamus.

18. The method of claim 1 , further comprising analyzing the measured responses for resting connectivity to interpret clinical resting state functional neuroimaging data.

19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the measuring is conducted in a parallel processing architecture, including a closed-loop control.

20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the measuring is conducted with a high-resolution using a parallel compressed sensing reconstruction.

21. The method of claim 1 , wherein measuring responses of the nervous system of the diseased organism to the targeted light comprises measuring responses of the nervous system of the diseased organism in real time using off-resonance steady-state free precession (SSFP) imaging.