Conversion of carbon dioxide to hydrocarbons via hydrogenation
Carbon dioxide conversion processes are described for the conversion of carbon dioxide via hydrogenation to hydrocarbons. The process utilizes an initial feed of carbon monoxide and hydrogen converted under Fischer Tropsch conditions to hydrocarbons followed by subsequent displacement of the carbon monoxide in the reactor feed with carbon dioxide, which is then converted to carbon monoxide under reverse water gas shift conditions and the initial carbon monoxide feed being terminated once the reverse water gas shift conversion of carbon dioxide. After the optimum reaction conditions are established the feed of carbon monoxide may be withdrawn and any required carbon monoxide provided via reactor effluent recycle. The process provides for enhanced catalyst performance and life.
1. A process for the conversion of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide to hydrocarbons via hydrogenation, which process comprises:
a) initially introducing a reactor feed comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen to a reactor operated under Fischer Tropsch conditions for a period of time sufficient to initiate the conversion of carbon monoxide to produce hydrocarbons;
b) subsequently introducing carbon dioxide into the reactor while reducing the amount of carbon monoxide initially introduced into the reactor feed according to step (a), under conditions to maximize the conversion of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide within the reactor via the reverse water gas shift reaction; and
c) maintaining operation of the reactor to produce hydrocarbons using the carbon monoxide generated in step (b), without continued introduction of carbon monoxide according to step (a) via the initial reactor feed.
2. A process as claimed in claim 1 , which further comprises separation of non converted reactants from the reactor effluent for recycle to the reactor.
3. A process as claimed in claim 2 , wherein the non-converted reactants comprises one or more of carbon dioxide, hydrogen and carbon monoxide.
4. A process as claimed in claim 2 , wherein the carbon monoxide in the initial reactor feed is reduced or terminated after recycle of non converted reactants, as the concentration of carbon monoxide produced in the reactor becomes sufficient to sustain reaction.
5. A process as claimed in claim 2 , wherein the recycle comprises a combination of non-reacted carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and hydrogen as a mixture.
6. A process as claimed in claim 2 , wherein the recycled reactants are recycled as individual feeds to the corresponding feed to the reactor.
7. A process as claimed in claim 2 , wherein the recycled reactants are recycled as binary mixtures with or without supplemental introduction of fresh feed of each component of the mixture.
8. A process as claimed in claim 1 wherein the carbon dioxide feed is provided from recovery of carbon dioxide from a carbon dioxide source such as the atmosphere, the oceans and/or the effluent streams of industrial processes.
9. A process as claimed in claim 8 wherein the feed is provided via a two stage process comprising caustic scrubbing of carbon dioxide form the carbon dioxide source followed by electrolysis of the caustic/sodium carbonate mixture to release carbon dioxide.
10. A process as claimed in claim 1 wherein the hydrogen is provided from the electrolysis of water.
11. A process as claimed in claim 10 , wherein the water electrolysis is carried out using a carbon neutral or renewable sources of electricity.
12. A process as claimed in claim 1 wherein the hydrogenation reaction is undertaken at 400 ° C. or less.
13. A process as claimed in claim 1 wherein the hydrogenation reaction is undertaken at 350 ° C. or less.
14. A process as claimed in claim 1 wherein the hydrogenation reaction is undertaken at 320 ° C. or less.
15. A process as claimed in claim 1 wherein the hydrogenation reaction is undertaken between 250 and 320 ° C.