Active probe for near field optical microscopy comprising hyperpolarizable molecules aligned and oriented to emit, upon illumination, a different wavelength than that of illumination

1. An active probe for near-field optical microscopy, comprising a metal or metalized tip at the apex of which is located a block of nanometric dimensions comprising a polymer matrix containing a host capable of emitting, under illumination, light radiation with a wavelength different from that of the illumination, characterized in that said host comprises hyperpolarizable molecules that are aligned and oriented, as a consequence of which said block of nanometric dimensions is capable of emitting second harmonic radiation.

2. The active probe for near-field optical microscopy as claimed in claim 1 , in which said hyperpolarizable molecules are dipolar molecules of the donor-acceptor type, aligned and oriented in an axial direction of said tip.

3. The active probe for near-field optical microscopy as claimed in claim 1 , in which said polymer is a photo-polymer.

4. The active probe for near-field optical microscopy as claimed in claim 1 , of the type without aperture.

5. The active probe for near-field optical microscopy as claimed in claim 1 , in which said block of nanometric dimensions comprises a plasmonic nano-object entirely or partially covered by said polymer matrix.

6. The active probe for near-field optical microscopy as claimed in claim 1 , wherein said block of nanometric dimensions comprises a plasmonic nano-object entirely or partially covered by said polymer matrix, and in which said tip is formed by the drawn out and metalized end of an optical fiber, as a consequence of which said probe is of the type with aperture.

7. A near-field optical microscope comprising:

an active probe as claimed in claim 1 ;

an illumination member for illuminating said block of nanometric dimensions with light radiation at a first wavelength; and

a light detector, for detecting light radiation at a second wavelength, different from said first wavelength, emitted by said block of nanometric dimensions and having interacted with said tip and a sample disposed near to the latter.

8. A method for fabricating an active probe for near-field optical microscopy, comprising the steps:

disposing a metal or metalized tip in contact with a medium which can undergo a chemical modification that is activated optically, either directly or indirectly, and which comprises a component capable of emitting, when it is illuminated, light radiation with a wavelength different from that of the illumination; and

illuminating said tip with light radiation whose electric field has a component parallel to the axis of the tip and whose intensity is insufficient for directly activating said chemical modification, but sufficient for locally inducing a said chemical modification via a field enhancement by a tip effect or an emission of electrons by the apex of said tip;

said chemical modification leading to the formation of a solid block of nanometric dimensions covering, at least partially, the apex of said tip.

9. The method as claimed in claim 8 , in which said medium comprises a photo-polymerizable and/or photo-reticulable liquid.

10. The method as claimed in claim 8 , in which said medium comprises hyperpolarizable molecules, the method also comprising a step for applying an electric field between said tip and an electrode for aligning and orienting said molecules.

11. The method as claimed in claim 10 , in which said electrode is a substrate on which said medium is deposited.

12. The method as claimed in claim 10 , in which said step for applying an electric field is implemented during the step consisting in illuminating said tip so as to cause a local chemical modification of said medium.

13. The method as claimed in claim 10 , in which said step for applying an electric field is implemented after the step consisting in illuminating said tip so as to cause a local chemical modification of said medium.

14. The method as claimed in claim 10 , in which said medium comprises fluorescent atoms, molecules or nano-objects.

15. The method as claimed in claim 8 , comprising the steps consisting in:

attaching or forming a plasmonic nano-object at the end of a metal or metalized tip;

disposing the end of said tip, with said plasmonic nano-object, in contact with a medium which can undergo a chemical modification that is activated optically, either directly or indirectly, and which comprises a component capable of emitting, when it is illuminated, light radiation with a wavelength different from that of the illumination; and

exciting a plasmonic mode of the plasmonic nano-object, in such a manner as to locally induce a said chemical modification of said medium, as a consequence of which a solid block of nanometric dimensions is obtained covering, at least partially, said plasmonic nano-object.

16. The method as claimed in claim 15 , in which said tip is formed by the drawn out and metalized end of an optical fiber.