Nitric oxide delivery devices
A nitric oxide delivery device includes a housing that is permeable to nitric oxide. A working electrode (which is a copper-containing conductive material or a base material coated with a copper-containing conductive material) is positioned inside of the housing. A conductive lead is electrically connected to the working electrode and extends outside of the housing. A reference electrode and/or a counter electrode is electrically isolated from the working electrode. The reference electrode and/or the counter electrode has a first portion that is inside of the housing and a second conductive portion that is outside of the housing. A source of nitrite ions is to be contained within the housing such that it is in contact with the working electrode.
1. A method for generating nitric oxide, comprising:
applying a cathodic voltage to a working electrode inside of an interior space defined by a polymeric housing through a conductive lead that extends outside of the polymeric housing, the interior space of the polymeric housing containing an aqueous solution or hydrogel including the source of nitrite ions that is in contact with the working electrode, and the working electrode being a copper-containing conductive material or a base material coated with a copper-containing conductive material; and
applying an anodic voltage to the working electrode, thereby locally producing Cu(I) ions at a surface of the working electrode that react with nitrite from the source of nitrite ions to form nitric oxide gas.
2. The method as defined in claim 1 wherein the polymeric housing is formed of a material that is permeable to nitric oxide gas, and wherein the method further comprises controlling release of nitric oxide gas by controlling when the voltages are applied to the working electrode.
3. The method as defined in claim 1 , further comprising modulating a flux of nitric oxide that is generated by any of altering an amount of a surface area of the working electrode that is exposed to the source of nitrite ions or altering a concentration of nitrite in the source of nitrite ions.
4. The method as defined in claim 1 , further comprising modulating a flux of nitric oxide that is generated by altering a magnitude of the anodic voltage pulse.
5. The method as defined in claim 1 wherein the applying of the anodic voltage to the working electrode is accomplished for a predetermined time ranging from about 1 second to about 10 minutes.
6. A method for generating nitric oxide, comprising:
applying a cathodic voltage to a working electrode inside of a polymeric housing through a conductive lead that extends outside of the polymeric housing, the polymeric housing containing a source of nitrite ions that is in contact with the working electrode, and the working electrode being a copper-containing conductive material or a base material coated with a copper-containing conductive material; and
applying an anodic voltage to the working electrode, thereby locally producing Cu(I) ions at a surface of the working electrode that react with nitrite from the source of nitrite ions to form nitric oxide gas;
wherein the applying of the cathodic voltage to the working electrode is accomplished for a predetermined time ranging from about 1 second to about 10 minutes.
7. The method as defined in claim 6 wherein the polymeric housing is formed of a material that is permeable to nitric oxide gas, and wherein the method further comprises controlling release of nitric oxide gas by controlling when the voltages are applied to the working electrode.
8. The method as defined in claim 6 , further comprising modulating a flux of nitric oxide that is generated by any of altering an amount of a surface area of the working electrode that is exposed to the source of nitrite ions or altering a concentration of nitrite in the source of nitrite ions or altering a magnitude of the anodic voltage pulse.
9. A method for generating nitric oxide, comprising:
applying a cathodic voltage to a working electrode inside of a polymeric housing through a conductive lead that extends outside of the polymeric housing, the polymeric housing containing a source of nitrite ions that is in contact with the working electrode, and the working electrode being a copper-containing conductive material or a base material coated with a copper-containing conductive material; and
applying an anodic voltage to the working electrode, thereby locally producing Cu(I) ions at a surface of the working electrode that react with nitrite from the source of nitrite ions to form nitric oxide gas;
wherein the applying of the anodic voltage to the working electrode for a predetermined time results in the working electrode becoming passivated, and wherein the method further comprises applying another cathodic voltage to the working electrode to clean the working electrode.
10. The method as defined in claim 9 wherein after the working electrode is cleaned, the method further comprises applying another anodic voltage to the working electrode, thereby again locally producing Cu(I) ions at the surface of the working electrode which react with nitrite from the source of nitrite ions to form nitric oxide gas.
11. The method as defined in claim 9 wherein the polymeric housing is formed of a material that is permeable to nitric oxide gas, and wherein the method further comprises controlling release of nitric oxide gas by controlling when the voltages are applied to the working electrode.
12. The method as defined in claim 9 , further comprising modulating a flux of nitric oxide that is generated by any of altering an amount of a surface area of the working electrode that is exposed to the source of nitrite ions or altering a concentration of nitrite in the source of nitrite ions or altering a magnitude of the anodic voltage pulse.