Process for improved opioid synthesis
Compounds and compositions for use as starting materials or intermediate materials in the preparation of opioids including, e.g., oxymorphone base and/or an oxymorphone salt; processes for preparing these compounds and compositions; uses of these compounds and compositions in the preparation of APIs and pharmaceutical dosage forms; and uses of said APIs and pharmaceutical dosage forms in the treatment of medical conditions.
1. A process for preparing a compound of formula V or a solvate thereof
from a compound of formula I or a salt or solvate thereof, the process comprising:
(a) oxidizing the compound of formula I in a reaction mixture; and
(b) adding an acid H + n X n− to the reaction mixture before or during the oxidation reaction, or both before and during the oxidation reaction, wherein the acid H + n X n− is added in an amount of from about 0.4 to about 0.6 molar equivalents per molar equivalent of the compound of formula I;
(c) precipitating the compound of formula V; and
(d) isolating the precipitate from the reaction mixture,
wherein,
R 1 is —H, aralkyl, —(C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, —SiR 3 3 , —(C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl, —(C 1 -C 7 )alkyl-(C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl, —(C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkenyl, —(C 1 -C 7 )alkyl-(C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkenyl, —CR 4 2 —O—(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, —C(halo) 3 , —CH 2 (halo), —CH(halo) 2 ,—SO 2 R 5 , or an O-protecting group;
R 2 is —H, —CH 3 , —(C 2 -C 7 )alkyl, —(C 2 -C 4 )alkenyl, benzyl, —(C 1 -C 7 )alkyl-(C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl, —CN, or an N-protecting group;
each R 3 is independently selected from the group consisting of aryl, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl and —(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy;
each R 4 is independently selected from the group consisting of —H and —(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl;
R 5 is —(C 6 -C 14 )aryl or (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl;
X n− is SO 4 2− ; and
n is 2.
2. The process of claim 1 , wherein R 2 is —CH 3 or —H.
3. The process of claim 1 , wherein R 1 is —H.
4. The process of claim 1 , wherein the compound of formula I is
and the compound of formula V is
or a solvate thereof.
5. The process of claim 1 , wherein the reaction mixture is maintained at a temperature of from about 30° C. to about 38° C. during the oxidation reaction.
6. The process of claim 1 , wherein the precipitation is initiated and/or enhanced by adding an antisolvent.
7. The process of claim 1 , wherein the oxidation in step (a) is performed in the presence of an oxidizing agent, wherein the oxidizing agent comprises at least one peracid.
8. The process of claim 7 , wherein the at least one peracid is generated in situ in the reaction mixture of step (a) from hydrogen peroxide and at least one acid.
9. The process of claim 8 , wherein the at least one peracid is selected from the group consisting of performic acid, peracetic acid, 3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid, potassium peroxymonosulfate, trifluoro peracetic acid, persulfuric acid, and any combinations thereof.
10. The process of claim 9 , wherein the at least one peracid is performic acid, which is generated in situ in step (a) from hydrogen peroxide and formic acid, or wherein the at least one peracid is a combination of performic acid and persulfuric acid, which is generated in situ in step (a) from hydrogen peroxide, sulfuric acid and formic acid.
11. The process of claim 8 , wherein the total amount of acid in the reaction mixture, including the acid H + n X n− and the at least one acid used for generating the peracid, is from about 0.6 to about 14.0 molar equivalents of total acid per molar equivalent of the compound of formula I.
12. The process of claim 11 , wherein the molar amount of the acid used for generating the peracid is from about 2.5 to about 4.5 molar equivalents per molar equivalent of the compound of formula I, and the molar amount of the acid H + n X n− is from about 0.5 to about 0.6 molar equivalents per molar equivalent of the compound of formula I, and wherein the acid used for generating the peracid is formic acid.
13. The process of claim 1 , wherein precipitation temperature in (c) is in a range of from about 5° C. to about 22° C.
14. The process of claim 1 , wherein the compound of formula V is 14-hydroxymorphinone sulfate or a hydrate thereof.
15. The process of claim 7 , wherein the compound of formula I is oripavine or a salt or solvate thereof,
the oxidation agent is performic acid formed from hydrogen peroxide and formic acid, and
the compound of formula V is 14-hydroxymorphinone sulfate or a solvate thereof.
16. The process of claim 15 , which is performed by:
(i) forming a solution or a suspension comprising the compound of formula I, from about 1.5 to about 2.0 ml water per gram of the compound of formula I, and from about 2.5 to about 4.5 molar equivalents of formic acid per molar equivalent of compound of formula I,
(ii) adding from about 0.5 to about 0.6 molar equivalents of sulfuric acid per molar equivalent of the compound of formula I to the solution or the suspension from (i),
(iii) adding from about 1.0 to about 1.4 molar equivalents of hydrogen peroxide to the solution or the suspension from (ii), then incubating the solution or suspension at a temperature of from about 30° C. to about 38° C. until the oxidation is complete, and
(iv) precipitating the compound of formula V from the resulting solution or suspension from (iii).
17. The process of claim 7 , further comprising reducing the compound of formula V or a solvate thereof to form a compound of formula IV or a salt or solvate thereof:
the process comprising steps of
(e) providing a solution or suspension of the compound of formula V or a solvate thereof as defined in claim 1 ; and
(f) reducing the compound of formula V to obtain a product comprising the compound of formula IV,
wherein R 1 , R 2 , X n− and n are defined as in claim 1 .
18. The process of claim 17 , wherein the compound of formula IV is
wherein R 1 , R 2 , X n− and n are defined as in claim 17 ,
or a solvate thereof.
19. The process of claim 17 , wherein the compound of formula I is oripavine or a salt or solvate thereof, the oxidation agent comprises performic acid formed in situ from hydrogen peroxide and formic acid, the acid H + n X n − in step (b) is sulfuric acid which is added to the reaction mixture, the compound of formula V is 14-hydroxymorphinone sulfate or a solvate thereof, and the compound of formula IV is oxymorphone or a salt or solvate thereof.
20. The process of claim 6 , wherein the antisolvent is selected from the group consisting of tert-butyl methyl ether, diethyl ether, hexane(s), tert-amyl alcohol, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, 2-butanol, heptanes, xylenes, toluene, acetone, 2-butanone, ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, 1,2-dichloroethane, chloroform, dichloromethane, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, 2-ethoxyethanol, n-propanol, 1-butanol, tert-butanol, isobutanol, isopropyl acetate, 1,4-dioxane, 2-methyl-tetrahydrofuran, methyl formate, methyl acetate, and any mixtures of two or more of any of the antisolvent thereof.
21. The process of claim 15 , wherein the H 2 SO 4 is added to the reaction mixture in an amount of from about 0.45 to about 0.55 molar equivalents per molar equivalent of the compound of formula I in step (b).
22. The process of claim 21 , wherein the sulfuric acid in step (b) is added in an amount of from about 0.5 to about 0.55 molar equivalents per molar equivalent of the compound of formula I.
23. The process of claim 16 , wherein step (iv) is performed by adding an antisolvent to the solution.
24. The process of claim 23 , wherein the antisolvent is methanol, isopropanol, 2-butanol, tert-butyl methyl ether and/or tetrahydrofuran.
25. The process of claim 17 , wherein the product comprising the compound of formula IV further comprises a compound of formula III
or a salt or solvate thereof, in an amount of less than about 1000 ppm of the compound of formula IV (HPLC peak ratio).
26. The process of claim 17 , wherein the product comprising the compound of formula IV further comprises a compound of formula II
or a salt or solvate thereof, in an amount of less than about 100 ppm of the compound of formula IV (HPLC peak ratio).