Methods and systems for forming ammonia and solid carbon products
Methods of concurrently forming ammonia and solid carbon products include reacting a carbon oxide, nitrogen, and a reducing agent at preselected reaction conditions in the presence of a catalyst to form a solid carbon product entrained in a tail gas mixture comprising water and ammonia; separating entrained solid carbon product from the tail gas mixture; and recovering water and ammonia from the tail gas mixture. Systems for forming ammonia and solid carbon products from a gaseous source containing carbon oxides include mixing means for mixing the gaseous source with a reducing agent, reactor means for reacting at least a portion of the gaseous source with the reducing agent in the presence of a catalyst to produce the solid carbon products and a tail gas mixture comprising the ammonia, and solid separation means for separating the solid carbon products from the tail gas mixture.
1. A method of concurrently forming ammonia and a solid carbon product, the method comprising:
reacting at least one carbon oxide comprising carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide with nitrogen and at least one reducing agent in the presence of a catalyst to form solid carbon entrained in a tail gas mixture comprising water, ammonia, and unreacted gases;
separating the entrained solid carbon from the tail gas mixture;
recovering water from the tail gas mixture; and
recovering ammonia from the tail gas mixture.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein reacting at least one carbon oxide, nitrogen, and at least one reducing agent in the presence of a catalyst comprises forming a plurality of carbon nanotubes.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein forming a plurality of carbon nanotubes comprises functionalizing surfaces of the plurality of carbon nanotubes with at least one material selected from the group consisting of nitrogen and amines.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein recovering ammonia from the tail gas mixture comprises:
exposing the tail gas mixture to an aqueous liquid;
absorbing at least a portion of the ammonia in the aqueous liquid; and
separating the tail gas mixture from the aqueous liquid.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein reacting at least one carbon oxide and at least one reducing agent in the presence of a catalyst comprises forming water as steam, the method further comprising:
condensing at least a portion of the steam to form liquid water;
absorbing at least a portion of the ammonia in the liquid water; and
separating the absorbed ammonia from the liquid water.
6. The method of claim 1 , further comprising forming a reaction gas mixture comprising the at least one carbon oxide, the nitrogen, and the at least one reducing agent, wherein a molar ratio of the at least one carbon oxide to the nitrogen is in a range from about 10:1 to about 1:10.
7. The method of claim 1 , further comprising mixing at least a portion of the tail gas mixture with the at least one carbon oxide, nitrogen, and the at least one reducing agent after separating the solid carbon product and recovering the water and the ammonia.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein reacting at least one carbon oxide, nitrogen, and at least one reducing agent in the presence of a catalyst comprises reacting a carbon oxide comprising primarily carbon dioxide with the nitrogen and the at least one reducing agent in the presence of the catalyst.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein reacting at least one carbon oxide, nitrogen, and at least one reducing agent in the presence of a catalyst comprises reacting a carbon oxide comprising primarily carbon monoxide with the nitrogen and the at least one reducing agent in the presence of the catalyst.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein reacting at least one carbon oxide, nitrogen, and at least one reducing agent in the presence of a catalyst comprises reacting a synthesis gas in the presence of the catalyst.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein reacting at least one carbon oxide, nitrogen, and at least one reducing agent in the presence of a catalyst comprises reacting the at least one carbon oxide, the nitrogen, and the at least one reducing agent in the presence of a catalyst comprising iron.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein reacting at least one carbon oxide, nitrogen, and at least one reducing agent in the presence of a catalyst comprises reacting the at least one carbon oxide, the nitrogen, and a reducing agent comprising hydrogen in the presence of the catalyst.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein reacting at least one carbon oxide, nitrogen, and at least one reducing agent in the presence of a catalyst comprises reacting the at least one carbon oxide, the nitrogen, and the at least one reducing agent in the presence of a catalyst at a temperature of between about 400° C. and about 1,000° C.
14. A method of concurrently forming ammonia and a solid carbon product, the method comprising:
reacting at least one carbon oxide, nitrogen, and a reducing agent comprising a hydrocarbon in the presence of a catalyst to form solid carbon entrained in a tail gas mixture comprising water, ammonia, and unreacted gases;
separating the entrained solid carbon from the tail gas mixture;
recovering water from the tail gas mixture; and
recovering ammonia from the tail gas mixture.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein reacting at least one carbon oxide, nitrogen, and at least one reducing agent in the presence of a catalyst comprises reacting the at least one carbon oxide, the nitrogen, and a reducing agent comprising methane in the presence of the catalyst.
16. A method of concurrently forming ammonia and a solid carbon product, the method comprising:
wherein reacting at least one carbon oxide, nitrogen, and at least one reducing agent in the presence of a catalyst comprising a plurality of nanoparticles, wherein each nanoparticle is mounted on a carbon nanofiber to form solid carbon entrained in a tail gas mixture comprising water, ammonia, and unreacted gases;
separating the entrained solid carbon from the tail gas mixture;
recovering water from the tail gas mixture; and
recovering ammonia from the tail gas mixture.