Spherical, magnetizable polyvinyl alcohol microparticles, methods for their production, and their use
Spherical, magnetizable polyvinyl alcohol microparticles, methods for their production, and use thereof are provided in the invention. The microparticles are especially useful for diagnostic purposes. The method enables the production of microparticles having a particle size distribution in the range of 0.5 to 3 μm, and includes the following steps, dispersing a nanoparticulate, magnetizable material in an aqueous phase which contains polyvinyl alcohol in dissolved form, adding the aqueous phase to an organic phase, immiscible with said aqueous phase and containing at least one emulsifier, producing an emulsion by stirring at a temperature of 25° C. or higher, and adding at least one water-soluble crosslinking agent while stirring is continued.
1. A method for the production of spherical, magnetizable polyvinyl alcohol microparticles having a particle size distribution in the range of 0.5 to 3 μm, the method comprising steps of:
dispersing a nanoparticulate, magnetizable material in an aqueous phase which contains polyvinyl alcohol in dissolved form;
adding the aqueous phase to an organic phase which is immiscible with said aqueous phase and contains at least one emulsifier, and producing an emulsion by stirring at a temperature of 40° C. or higher;
adding at least one water-soluble crosslinking agent suitable for crosslinking polyvinyl alcohol, while stirring is continued.
2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the magnetizable material is magnetite.
3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticulate magnetizable material comprises magnetizable nanoparticles of a particle size in the range of 5 to 250 nm.
4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticulate magnetizable material is nanocrystalline magnetite.
5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein prior to adding the aqueous phase to the organic phase, said aqueous phase undergoes a treatment by which particles of a size of greater than 250 nm are removed.
6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the concentration of polyvinyl alcohol in the aqueous phase does not exceed 2.0 percent by weight.
7. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the concentration of the nanoparticulate magnetizable material in the aqueous phase is 0.5 to 7.5 percent by weight.
8. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the organic phase comprises one or more substances selected from the group consisting of vegetable oils, synthetic oils, mineral oils, silicone oils and paraffin oils.
9. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the proportion of emulsifier contained in the organic phase is 0.1 to 10 percent by weight.
10. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the crosslinking agent is selected from the group consisting of bifunctional aldehydes, acid chlorides, and divinyl sulfone.
11. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the crosslinking agent is added in liquid form, and the proportion of said crosslinking agent is to 0.1 to 10 percent by volume, relative to the aqueous phase.
12. The method according to claim 1 , wherein bifunctional aldehydes are used as the crosslinking agent, and the crosslinking reaction is performed with addition of an acid, with 1N to 3N hydrochloric acid at a volume percent of up to 10%, relative to the aqueous phase.
13. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the emulsion is produced by stirring at a temperature of at least 50° C.
14. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the emulsion is produced by using a dispersion mixer which operates according to the rotor-stator principle.
15. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticulate, magnetizable material is of a particle size not exceeding 250 nm, the concentration of polyvinyl alcohol in the aqueous phase does not exceed 2.0 percent by weight, the crosslinking agent is at least one bifunctional aldehyde, and the crosslinking reaction is performed with addition of an acid, with 1N to 3N hydrochloric acid at a volume percent of up to 10%, relative to the aqueous phase.
16. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the concentration of polyvinyl alcohol in the aqueous phase does not exceed 2.0 percent by weight, the emulsion is produced using a dispersion mixer which operates according to the rotor-stator principle at a rotor speed in the range of 500 to 4000 revolutions/min, and the volume of the emulsion is 10 L or more.
17. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the concentration of polyvinyl alcohol in the aqueous phase does not exceed 2.0 percent by weight, the emulsion is produced using a dispersion mixer which operates according to the rotor-stator principle at a rotor speed in the range of 500 to 4000 revolutions/min, the volume of the emulsion is 10 L or more, the crosslinking agent is at least one bifunctional aldehyde, and the crosslinking reaction is performed with addition of an acid, with 1N to 3N hydrochloric acid at a volume percent of up to 10%, relative to the aqueous phase.
18. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticulate magnetizable material used is subjected to a treatment method comprising steps of:
suspending magnetizable nanoparticles in deionized water having a conductance of less than 100 μS/cm; and
treating the aqueous nanoparticle suspension with an ultrasound homogenizer.
19. The method according to claim 18 , wherein the treatment method further comprises a centrifugation step in which particles of a size greater than 250 nm are separated from the nanoparticle suspension.
20. A spherical, magnetizable polyvinyl alcohol microparticle produced by the method according to claim 1 , having a particle size distribution in the range of 0.5 to 3 μm, and containing nanoparticulate magnetizable material at a percentage of at least 50 percent by weight.
21. The spherical, magnetizable polyvinyl alcohol microparticle according to claim 20 , having a particle size distribution in the range of 1.25 to 2.25 μm.
22. The spherical, magnetizable polyvinyl alcohol microparticle according to claim 20 , wherein the zeta potential of the microparticles is less than or equal to −35 mV.
23. The spherical, magnetizable polyvinyl alcohol microparticle according to claim 20 , wherein when used in real time quantitative PCR, the microparticle causes an increase of the Ct value of 2% or less.
24. The spherical, magnetizable polyvinyl alcohol microparticle according to claim 20 , wherein the microparticle contains nanoparticulate magnetizable material at a percentage of at least 60 percent by weight.
25. The spherical, magnetizable polyvinyl alcohol microparticle according to claim 20 , further comprising functional groups which enable the coupling of biomolecules or ligands via covalent or non-covalent bonds.
26. The spherical, magnetizable polyvinyl alcohol microparticles according to claim 20 , wherein one or more biomolecules or ligands are covalently or non-covalently bound to the particles.
27. The spherical, magnetizable polyvinyl alcohol microparticles according to claim 26 , wherein the one or more biomolecules or ligands are selected from the group consisting of antibodies, avidin, biotin, protein A, protein G, lectins, oligosaccharides, oligonucleotides, enzymes, enzyme inhibitors, enzyme substrates, receptor proteins, albumin, gelatine, glutathione, amino acids, peptides, hormones and neurotransmitters.