Methods and compositions for site-specific labeling of peptides and proteins
Methods and compositions are provided for covalently linking a chemical species to a recombinant or synthetic polypeptide. The methods involve the reaction of a thioester-comprising polypeptide with a reagent comprising a reactive amino-thiol group connected to the chemical species which is to be covalently linked to the polypeptide, via a linker. Such chemical species can be a functional group, a label or tag molecule, a biological molecule, a ligand, or a solid support. Efficient and catalyst-free methods for C-terminal protein labeling are also provided. The methods expand current capabilities in the area of protein functionalization, providing useful and complementary tools for the isolation, detection, characterization, and analysis of proteins in a variety of in vitro and in vivo applications.
1. A method for forming a covalent linkage between a polypeptide and a chemical species, the method comprising the steps of:
a) providing a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises a thioester group and/or wherein the polypeptide is C-terminally fused to an intein;
b) providing a chemical reagent of formula (I):
or a salt of the chemical reagent, wherein:
i) R 1 , X, Y, and Z are hydrogen atoms,
R is —ONH 2 or —N 3 , and
L is a single bond;
ii) R 1 , X, Y, and Z are hydrogen atoms,
R is —ONH 2 , and
L is a linker or linker group of formula
iii) R 1 , X, Y, and Z are hydrogen atoms,
R is a fluorescent molecule selected from the group consisting of a coumarin derivative, a naphthalene derivative, a pyrene derivative, a fluorescein derivative, a rhodamine derivative, a naphthoxanthene derivative, a phenanthridine derivative, a boron difluoride dipyrromethene (BODIPY) derivative, a cyanine derivatives, a phthalocyanine derivative, and an oxazine derivative, and L is —C(O)NH(CH) n C(O)—, wherein n is an integer number between 2 and 10;
iv) R 1 , X, Y, and Z are hydrogen atoms,
R is biotin or a biotin analogue, and
L is —C(O)NH(CH 2 ) n NH—, wherein n is an integer number between 2 and 10; or
v) R 1 , X, Y, and Z are hydrogen atoms,
R is a poly(ethyleneglycol) molecule, and
L is —C(O)NH(CH 2 ) n NHC(O)— or —CH 2 NH(CH 2 ) n NHC(O)— wherein n is an integer number between 2 and 10;
the chemical reagent being reactive with the polypeptide, and
wherein reaction of the chemical reagent with the polypeptide forms a covalent linkage between the chemical reagent and the polypeptide; and
c) allowing the polypeptide to react with the chemical reagent so that a covalent linkage between the reagent and the polypeptide is formed.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the intein is a naturally occurring intein, an engineered variant of a naturally occurring intein, a fusion of the N-terminal and C-terminal fragments of a naturally occurring split intein, or a fusion of the N-terminal and C-terminal fragments of an artificial split intein.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the intein is a polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:1-76, or an engineered variant thereof.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein:
the C-terminal terminal asparagine, aspartic acid, or glutamine residue in the intein is mutated to an amino acid other than asparagine, aspartic acid, or glutamine, or
the N-terminal serine is mutated to a cysteine residue and the C-terminal asparagine, aspartic acid, or glutamine residue in the intein is mutated to an amino acid other than asparagine, aspartic acid, or glutamine.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the intein is C-terminally fused to a polypeptide affinity tag selected from the group consisting of polyhistidine tag, Avi-Tag, FLAG tag, Strep-tag II, c-myc tag, S-Tag, calmodulin-binding peptide, streptavidin-binding peptide, chitin-binding domain, glutathione S-transferase, and maltose-binding protein.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polypeptide C-terminally fused to the intein comprises one or a plurality of the features selected from the group consisting of: the residue at position 1 prior to the intein (hereinafter “intein-1” or “I-1”) being F, Y, A, T, W, N, R or Q; the residue at position 2 prior to the intein (hereinafter “intein-2” or “I-2”) being G, P, or S; and the residue at position 3 prior to the intein (hereinafter “intein-3” or “I-3”) being G or S.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the intein-fused polypeptide is inside a cell or associated with the exterior surface of a cell membrane.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the cell is a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reagent is:
a compound of formula 6:
a compound of formula 8:
a compound of formula 9:
a compound of formula 10A:
a compound of formula 10B:
a compound of formula 23:
or
a compound of formula 26:
or a salt thereof.
10. A compound having formula (I),
or a salt thereof wherein:
a) R 1 , X, Y, and Z are hydrogen atoms,
R is —ONH 2 or —N 3 , and
L is a single bond;
b) R 1 , X, Y, and Z are hydrogen atoms,
R is —ONH 2 , and
L is a linker or linker group of formula
c) R 1 , X, Y, and Z are hydrogen atoms,
R is a fluorescent molecule selected from the group consisting of a coumarin derivative, a naphthalene derivative, a pyrene derivative, a fluorescein derivative, a rhodamine derivative, a naphthoxanthene derivative, a phenanthridine derivative, a boron difluoride dipyrromethene (BODIPY) derivative, a cyanine derivatives, a phthalocyanine derivative, and an oxazine derivative, and
L is —C(O)NH(CH) n C(O)—, wherein n is an integer number between 2 and 10;
d) R 1 , X, Y, and Z are hydrogen atoms,
R is biotin or a biotin analogue, and
L is —C(O)NH(CH 2 ) n NH—, wherein n is an integer number between 2 and 10; or
e) R 1 , X, Y, and Z are hydrogen atoms,
R is a poly(ethyleneglycol) molecule, and
L is —C(O)NH(CH 2 ) n NHC(O)— or —CH 2 NH(CH 2 ) n NHC(O)— wherein n is an integer number between 2 and 10;
the compound being reactive with a polypeptide,
wherein the polypeptide comprises a thioester group and/or wherein the polypeptide is C-terminally fused to an intein, and
wherein reaction of the compound with the polypeptide forms a covalent linkage between the compound and the polypeptide.
11. The compound of claim 10 having the formula:
or a salt thereof.
12. A kit for forming a covalent linkage between a polypeptide and a chemical species, the kit comprising:
a) at least one chemical reagent having the formula of a compound of claim 10 , or a salt of the reagent; and
b) one or a plurality of containers, wherein at least one container comprises a pre-selected or desired amount of the at least one chemical reagent, or a salt of the reagent.
13. The kit of claim 12 , wherein the at least one reagent comprises at least one compound selected from the group consisting of:
a compound of formula 6:
a compound of formula 8:
a compound of formula 9:
a compound of formula 10A:
a compound of formula 10B:
a compound of formula 23:
and
a compound of formula 26:
or a salt thereof.
14. The kit of claim 12 further comprising a functionalized solid support with which the functional group R reacts.
15. The kit of claim 14 , wherein the solid support is a resin, a nanoparticle, a surface, or a microarray.