Filtration membranes with nanoscale patterns

1. A patterned membrane for fluid transfer, comprising:

a base membrane having a first surface and a second surface counterfacing the first surface, the base membrane being permeable,

a pattern that covers a working area of the first surface, the pattern having been formed by imprinting the base membrane with features with a periodicity and an amplitude that do not exceed 1 micrometer in size,

wherein the base membrane remains permeable and the features of the pattern are permeable to a solvent fluid that is transported through the patterned membrane, and

wherein the patterned membrane obstructs, at the first surface, a mass transfer through the patterned membrane of at least surface-accumulative solutes and insoluble particles.

2. The patterned membrane of claim 1 , the pattern being formed by nanolithography on the first surface, wherein the periodicity and amplitude of the pattern is further configured to obstruct, at the first surface, a portion, but not all, of the mass transfer through the patterned membrane of the surface-accumulative solutes and insoluble particles.

3. The patterned membrane of claim 1 , wherein the base membrane and the pattern are comprised of a material that is capable of filtering a polar solvent selected from the group consisting dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, ethyl acetate, acetone, dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide, propylene carbonate, formic acid, n-butanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, ethanol, methanol, acetic acid and water.

4. The patterned membrane of claim 1 , wherein the base membrane and the pattern are comprised of a material that is capable of filtering a non-polar solvent selected from the group consisting of pentane, cyclopentane, hexane, cyclohexane, benzene, toluene, 1,4-dioxane, chloroform, and diethyl ether.

5. The patterned membrane of claim 1 , wherein the base membrane is a reverse osmosis membrane, and at least one of the base membrane or the pattern comprises a material selected from the group consisting of cellulose acetates, polypiperazine amides, and polyamides.

6. The patterned membrane of claim 1 , wherein the base membrane and the pattern are composed of a material that is capable of filtering a gas, and at least one of the base membrane or the pattern comprise polydimethylsiloxane.

7. The patterned membrane of claim 1 , wherein the

the membrane is a microfiltration membrane, and pattern comprises raised or depressed portions that form shapes that include one or more of ridges, valleys, channels, hills, posts, peaks, needles, pins, knobs, parallel lines, intersecting lines or concentric lines on the patterned membrane.

8. The patterned membrane of claim 1 , wherein the pattern comprises projections arranged on the base membrane, the periodicity of the projections being between 10 and 2000 nm.

9. The patterned membrane of claim 8 , wherein the projections have a maximum width of between 300 and 500 nm.

10. The patterned membrane of claim 1 , wherein pattern comprises one or more of parallel lines, intersecting lines, or concentric lines that form a projection surrounded on one or both sides by a valley, and

wherein the pattern further comprises a peak-to-valley height of between 100 and 300 nm.

11. The patterned membrane of claim 1 , wherein:

the base membrane is an ultrafiltration membrane, and

at least one of the base membrane or the pattern comprise a material selected from the group consisting of poly (ether suflone), polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylidene, regenerated cellulose, cellulose acetate, polysulfone, polypropylene, polyarylether sulfones, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinyl chloride, polyketones, polyether ketones, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyimides, and polyamides.

12. The patterned membrane of claim 1 , wherein:

the base membrane is a nanofiltration membrane, and

at least one of the base membrane or the pattern comprise a material selected from the group consisting of cellulose acetate, polypiperazine amide, polyamides, polyethylene, polypropylene, polysulphones, polyethersulphones, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidenedifluoride, polyimides, and polyacrylonitriles.

13. The patterned membrane of claim 1 , wherein:

the base membrane is a microfiltration membrane, and

at least one of the base membrane and the pattern comprise a material selected from the group consisting of nylon, mixed cellulose esters, regenerated cellulose, cellulose acetate, polycarbonate, polytetrafluoroethylenes, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinylchloride, polysulfone, poly(ether sulfone), and polyethylene.

14. A patterned membrane for fluid transfer, comprising:

a base membrane having a first surface and a second surface counterfacing the first surface, the base membrane being permeable,

a pattern that covers a working area of the first surface, the pattern having been formed by a permeable material that is compatible with the base membrane, the pattern forming features with a periodicity and an amplitude that does not exceed 1micrometer in size,

wherein the patterned membrane remains permeable to a solvent fluid that is transported through the patterned membrane, and

wherein the patterned membrane obstructs, at the first surface, a mass transfer through the patterned membrane of at least surface-accumulative solutes and insoluble particles.

15. The patterned membrane of claim 14 , the pattern being formed by nanolithography on the first surface, wherein the periodicity and amplitude of the pattern is further configured to obstruct, at the first surface, a portion, but not all, of the mass transfer through the patterned membrane of the surface-accumulative solutes and insoluble particles.

16. The patterned membrane of claim 14 , wherein the base membrane and the pattern are comprised of a material that is capable of filtering a polar solvent selected from the group consisting of dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, ethyl acetate, acetone, dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide, propylene carbonate, formic acid, n-butanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, ethanol, methanol, acetic acid, and water.

17. The patterned membrane of claim 14 , wherein the base membrane and the pattern are comprised of a material that is capable of filtering a non-polar solvent selected from the group consisting of pentane, cyclopentane, hexane, cyclohexane, benzene, toluene, 1,4-dioxane, chloroform and diethyl ether.

18. The patterned membrane of claim 14 , wherein the base membrane is a reverse osmosis membrane, and at least one of the base membrane or the pattern comprises a material selected from the group consisting of cellulose acetates, polypiperazine amides, and polyamides.

19. The patterned membrane of claim 14 , wherein the base membrane and the pattern are composed of a material that is capable of filtering a gas, and at least one of the base membrane or the pattern comprise polydimethylsiloxane.

20. The patterned membrane of claim 14 , wherein the pattern comprises raised or depressed portions that form shapes that include one or more of ridges, valleys, channels, hills, posts, peaks, needles, pins, knobs, parallel lines, intersecting lines or concentric lines on the patterned membrane.

21. The patterned membrane of claim 14 , wherein the pattern comprises projections arranged on the base membrane, the periodicity of the projections being between 10 and 2000 nm.

22. The patterned membrane of claim 21 , wherein the projections have a maximum width of between 300 and 500 nm.

23. The patterned membrane of claim 14 , wherein the pattern comprises one or more of parallel lines, intersecting lines, or concentric lines that form a projection surrounded on one or both sides by a valley and

wherein the pattern further comprises a peak-to-valley height of between 100 and 300 nm.

24. The patterned membrane of claim 14 , wherein:

the base membrane is an ultrafiltration membrane, and

at least one of the base membrane or the pattern comprise a material selected from the group consisting of poly (ether suflone), polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylidene, regenerated cellulose, cellulose acetate, polysulfone, polypropylene, polyarylether sulfones, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinyl chloride, polyketones, polyether ketones, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyimides, and polyamides.

25. The patterned membrane of claim 14 , wherein:

the base membrane is a nanofiltration membrane, and

at least one of the base membrane or the pattern comprise a material selected from the group consisting of cellulose acetate, polypiperazine amide, polyamides, polyethylene, polypropylene, polysulphones, polyethersulphones, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidenedifluoride, polyimides, and polyacrylonitriles.

26. The patterned membrane of claim 14 , wherein:

the base membrane is a microfiltration membrane, and

at least one of the base membrane and the pattern comprise a material selected from the group consisting of nylon, mixed cellulose esters, regenerated cellulose, cellulose acetate, polycarbonate, polytetrafluoroethylenes, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinylchloride, polysulfone, poly(ether sulfone), and polyethylene.

27. A method filtering a component from a solution, comprising:

passing the solution comprising the component through a patterned membrane that includes:

a base membrane having a first surface and a second surface counterfacing the first surface, the base membrane being permeable,

a pattern that covers a working area of the first surface, the pattern having been formed by imprinting the base membrane with features with a periodicity and an amplitude that does not exceed 1 micrometer in size,

wherein the base membrane remains permeable and the features of the pattern are permeable to a solvent fluid that is transported through the patterned membrane, and

wherein the patterned membrane obstructs, at the first surface, a mass transfer through the patterned membrane of at least surface-accumulative solutes and insoluble particles.

28. The method of claim 27 , wherein the component has a molecular weight of between 0.1 and 1000 kDa.

29. The method claim 27 , wherein the passing the solution comprises adjusting one of flow and pressure of the solution to provide a sub-critical flux of the solution through the membrane.

30. A method filtering a component from a solution, comprising:

passing the solution comprising the component through a patterned membrane that includes:

a base membrane having a first surface and a second surface counterfacing the first surface, the base membrane being permeable,

a pattern that covers a working area of the first surface, the pattern having been formed by a permeable material that is compatible with the base membrane, the pattern forming features with a periodicity and an amplitude that does not exceed 1 micrometer in size,

wherein the patterned membrane remains permeable to a solvent fluid that is transported through the patterned membrane, and

wherein the patterned membrane obstructs, at the first surface, a mass transfer through the patterned membrane of at least surface-accumulative solutes and insoluble particles.

31. The method of claim 30 , wherein the component has a molecular weight of between 0.1 and 1000 kDa.

32. The method claim 30 , wherein the passing the solution comprises adjusting one of flow and pressure of the solution to provide a sub-critical flux of the solution through the membrane.