Adaptive specific absorption rate (SAR) control for magnetic resonance imaging
A magnetic resonance system ( 1 ) includes at least one radio frequency (RF) transmit coil ( 6 ), an RF transmitter ( 34 ), an anthropometric unit ( 28 ), and an adaptive SAR unit ( 40 ). The at least one radio frequency (RF) transmit coil ( 6 ) transmits measured RF power to excite and manipulate magnetic resonance in tissues of a subject ( 57 ) in an examination region. The RF transmitter ( 34 ) controls the amount of transmitted RF power based on a specific absorption rate (SAR) for an imaging sequence. The anthropometric unit ( 28 ) determines a mass of a portion of the subject which receives the transmitted RF power based on a determined total mass. The adaptive SAR unit ( 40 ) adjusts a selected scan sequence based on the SAR parameters determined from the measured transmitted RF power and a measured reflected power, achieved IB | +I field, the mass of the portion of the subject which receives the transmitted RF power and applicable SAR parameter models stored in a SAR reference unit ( 46 ).
1. A magnetic resonance imaging system, comprising:
at least one radio frequency transmit coil which transmits RF power to excite and manipulate magnetic resonance in tissues of a subject in an examination region;
an RF transmitter which controls the amount of transmitted RF power based on a specific absorption rate (SAR) for an imaging sequence, wherein the imaging sequence comprises the sequence for the excitation and manipulation of magnetic resonance in the subject tissue;
an anthropometric unit which determines a mass of a portion of the subject which receives the transmitted RF power based on a total mass of the subject, by identifying the volume of the mass of the subject exposed in the examination region from a pilot scan;
an adaptive SAR unit which adjusts a selected imaging sequence based on the SAR, wherein the SAR is determined from 1) a difference between the transmitted RF power and a reflected RF power, and 2) the mass of the portion of the subject, wherein the portion receives the transmitted RF power,
wherein the adaptive SAR unit comprises at least an MRI scanner, RF transmit coils, and an RF shield; and
a reconstruction unit which reconstructs images from the pilot scan and determines a position and orientation of the subject based on located landmarks, and
wherein the anthropometric unit determines the portion of the subject which receives the transmitted RF power based on the position and orientation of the subject and characteristics of the at least one transmit coil.
2. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the anthropometric unit constructs a 3 dimensional model of a subject based on at least one characteristic of the subject and determines the mass of the portion of the subject which receives the transmitted power based on the model.
3. The system according to claim 2 , wherein the at least one characteristic of the subject includes at least one of:
total mass;
height;
age;
gender;
a left-right measurement;
an anterior-posterior measurement;
a ratio of a left-right measurement and an anterior-posterior measurement;
a plurality of tissue types;
a percentage body fat; and
a body mass index.
4. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the anthropometric unit determines the total mass of the subject based on a measured mass and verifies the total mass with at least one of an entered mass and a previously stored mass.
5. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the adaptive SAR unit determines applicable SAR values from a whole body SAR based on a measured transmitted and reflected RF power and the total mass.
6. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the portion of the subject which receives transmitted RF power includes:
an anatomical region; and
a presence or absence of any extremities of the subject.
7. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one physical characteristic of the at least one transmit coil includes a length along an axis through an isocenter of the at least one RF transmit coil.
8. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the determined SAR includes at least one of:
a partial body SAR;
a local extremity SAR;
a local trunk SAR; and
a head SAR.
9. The system according to claim 8 , wherein the at least one physical characteristic of the at least one transmit coil includes a predetermined Qratio from a comparison of a loaded quality value (Q L ) and an unloaded quality value (Q U ).
10. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium carrying software which controls one or more electronic data processing devices to perform a method of magnetic resonance imaging, the method comprising:
measuring transmitted and reflected radio frequency power that produces a |B 1 +| field in at least a tissue of a subject, wherein the |B 1 +| field is produced by at least one transmit coil, and wherein the RF power is transmitted and reflected from the transmit coil;
determining a whole body specific absorption rate (SAR) parameter based on 1) a difference between the measured transmitted and reflected power, divided by 2) |B 1 +| field produced in the tissue of a subject, where a quotient of the difference of 1) divided by the field of 2) is further divided by 3) a total mass of the subject;
identifying a position and orientation of the subject relative to the at least one transmit coil based on a pilot magnetic resonance imaging scan;
determining the portion of the subject which receives the transmitted RF power based on the position and orientation of the subject and characteristics of the at least one transmit coil;
determining SAR for an imaging sequence based on the sequence's B 1 root mean square (B 1RMS 2 ), the determined whole body SAR parameter and the identified subject position and orientation;
adjusting the sequence parameters if the determined SAR exceeds allowed limits, by adjusting until the determined SAR value is within limits;
performing the imaging sequence on the subject with the determined SAR that is adjusted to be within limits, and with the transmit coil.
11. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium according to claim 10 , wherein identifying the position of the subject further includes:
reconstructing pilot images in three planes or as a volume data set; and
locating landmarks in the pilot images to determine the subject position and orientation.
12. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium according to claim 10 , further including:
constructing a 3 dimensional model of the subject which includes pre-determined SAR parameters based on at least one characteristic of the subject; and
refining the whole body SAR parameter based on the constructed model.
13. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium according to claim 12 , wherein the total mass of the subject is measured and verified with at least one of an entered amount and a previously stored amount.
14. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium according to claim 10 , wherein the tissues of the subject includes:
an anatomical region; and
a presence or absence of any extremities of the subject.
15. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium according to claim 10 , wherein the at least one characteristic of the subject includes at least one of:
total mass;
height;
age;
gender;
a left-right measurement;
an anterior-posterior measurement;
a ratio of a left-right measurement and an anterior-posterior measurement;
a plurality of tissue types;
a percentage body fat; and
a body mass index.
16. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium according to claim 10 , wherein the determined SAR includes at least one of:
a partial body SAR;
a local extremity SAR;
a local trunk SAR; and
a head SAR.
17. A magnetic resonance imaging system, comprising:
at least one radio frequency transmit coil which transmits RF power to excite and manipulate magnetic resonance in tissues of a subject in an examination region;
an RF transmitter which controls the amount of transmitted RF power based on a specific absorption rate (SAR) for an imaging sequence;
an anthropometric unit which determines a mass of a portion of the subject which receives the transmitted RF power based on a total mass of the subject, by identifying the volume of the mass of the subject exposed in the examination region from a pilot scan;
one or more processors each configured to:
determine a whole body SAR parameter based on a ratio between 1) a difference between the transmitted RF power and a reflected RF power, and 2) a mass of the anatomical portions of the subject exposed to the transmitted RF power and achieved |B 1 +| field; and
determine SAR parameters and applicable SAR values for a selected imaging sequence, wherein the SAR parameters and applicable SAR values are determined based on a ratio between 1) the determined whole body SAR parameter and 2) a mass of the anatomical portions of the subject exposed to the transmitted RF power during the selected imaging sequence,
wherein applicable SAR values are applicable for the exposed anatomical portions,
a reconstruction unit which reconstructs images from the pilot scan and determines a position and orientation of the subject based on located landmarks, and
wherein the anthropometric unit determines the portion of the subject which receives the transmitted RF power based on the position and orientation of the subject and characteristics of the at least one transmit coil.
18. The system according to claim 17 , wherein the anthropometric unit constructs a 3 dimensional model of a subject based on at least one characteristic of the subject and determines the mass of the portion of the subject which receives the transmitted power based on the model.
19. The system according to claim 17 , wherein the anthropometric unit determines the total mass of the subject based on a measured mass and verifies the total mass with at least one of an entered mass and a previously stored mass.
20. The system according to claim 17 , wherein characteristics of the at least one transmit coil includes a predetermined Qratio from a comparison of a loaded quality value (Q L ) and an unloaded quality value (Q U ).